Социально-экономическое развитие Кировского района

В статье раскрывается социально-экономическое развитие Кировского района, сравниваются показатели района с показателями по Автономной Республике Крым в целом. Раскрывается туристско-ресурсный потенциал города Старый Крым и делается предположение, как эффективно использовать имеющийся потенциал для развития Кировского района в целом.В статті розкривається соціально-економічний розвиток Кіровського району, порівнюються показники району з показниками по Автономній Республіці Крим в цілому. Розкривається туристсько-ресурсний потенціал міста Старий Крим і робиться припущення, як ефективно використовувати наявний потенціал для розвитку Кіровського району в цілому.In the article is described the social and the economic development of the Kirovsk district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and are compared the parameters of the district with the parametrs in Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the whole. In this article are shown tourist's and spa resorts of the town Stary Krym and is made the proposal how to use the potential of the town for the development of the Kirovsk district in the whole

The effect of the head and neck position on the equine athlete

Over the last few years, the welfare implications of certain training techniques used in the horse industry have gained more attention from the general public. In Warmblood performance horses, this concern is focused on the use of a hyperflexed head and neck position, also named “rollkur”. The aim of this thesis is to measure the effect of 5 different head and neck positions on the equine athlete, in this study represented by the base level trained dressage horse. The first part of this thesis concerns an ex vivo study describing the use of contrast CT and MRI to visualize equine cervical spine anatomy and measure the ex vivo effect of flexion and extension on intervertebral foramina dimensions. The ex vivo part is followed by an in vivo study, measuring the effect of the head and neck position on three clinical areas, all influencing equine welfare: 1. The effect on neuromuscular functionality; 2. The effect on upper airway functionality and 3. The effect on indicators of stress. The head and neck positions were defined as follows: HNP1-Unrestrained (control), HNP2-Neck raised, bridge of nose around the vertical. HNP4-Neck lowered and considerably flexed, bridge of nose pointing towards the chest. HNP5-Neck raised and considerably extended, bridge of nose in front of the vertical. HNP7-Neck lowered and flexed, bridge of nose pointing towards the carpus. Seven base level trained dressage horses were accustomed to the different positions for at least 3 weeks, before the start of the study. During the actual study, the horses were exercised on the lunge in an exercise protocol consisting of trot(1) (10 min), canter (4 min), trot(2) (5 min) and walk (5 min). Neuromuscular transmission was measured with quantitative (SF)EMG and muscle enzyme concentrations and indicated an effect of every head and neck position compared with HNP1, but the most significant effect was seen in HNP4. Upper airway functionality was measured with an esophageal pressure balloon and arterial blood gas values. This study again demonstrated an effect in each position compared with HNP1, but an inspiratory upper airway obstruction developed in HNP4, without an effect on arterial blood gas values. Behavioural observations, blood and saliva cortisol concentrations and heart rate variability were measured as indicators of stress, which demonstrated more conflict behaviour in the extended positions (HNP2 and HNP5). This thesis significantly contributes to the understanding of the effect of different head and neck positions on the equine athlete. Based on the results of this study, it might be argued that if the use of a flexed position is desired, HNP7 may be preferable over HNP4 in the base level trained dressage horse

The effect of the head and neck position on the equine athlete

Over the last few years, the welfare implications of certain training techniques used in the horse industry have gained more attention from the general public. In Warmblood performance horses, this concern is focused on the use of a hyperflexed head and neck position, also named “rollkur”. The aim of this thesis is to measure the effect of 5 different head and neck positions on the equine athlete, in this study represented by the base level trained dressage horse. The first part of this thesis concerns an ex vivo study describing the use of contrast CT and MRI to visualize equine cervical spine anatomy and measure the ex vivo effect of flexion and extension on intervertebral foramina dimensions. The ex vivo part is followed by an in vivo study, measuring the effect of the head and neck position on three clinical areas, all influencing equine welfare: 1. The effect on neuromuscular functionality; 2. The effect on upper airway functionality and 3. The effect on indicators of stress. The head and neck positions were defined as follows: HNP1-Unrestrained (control), HNP2-Neck raised, bridge of nose around the vertical. HNP4-Neck lowered and considerably flexed, bridge of nose pointing towards the chest. HNP5-Neck raised and considerably extended, bridge of nose in front of the vertical. HNP7-Neck lowered and flexed, bridge of nose pointing towards the carpus. Seven base level trained dressage horses were accustomed to the different positions for at least 3 weeks, before the start of the study. During the actual study, the horses were exercised on the lunge in an exercise protocol consisting of trot(1) (10 min), canter (4 min), trot(2) (5 min) and walk (5 min). Neuromuscular transmission was measured with quantitative (SF)EMG and muscle enzyme concentrations and indicated an effect of every head and neck position compared with HNP1, but the most significant effect was seen in HNP4. Upper airway functionality was measured with an esophageal pressure balloon and arterial blood gas values. This study again demonstrated an effect in each position compared with HNP1, but an inspiratory upper airway obstruction developed in HNP4, without an effect on arterial blood gas values. Behavioural observations, blood and saliva cortisol concentrations and heart rate variability were measured as indicators of stress, which demonstrated more conflict behaviour in the extended positions (HNP2 and HNP5). This thesis significantly contributes to the understanding of the effect of different head and neck positions on the equine athlete. Based on the results of this study, it might be argued that if the use of a flexed position is desired, HNP7 may be preferable over HNP4 in the base level trained dressage horse

A pilot study on objective quantification and anatomical modelling of in vivo head and neck positions commonly applied in training and competition of sport horses

Reasons for performing study: Head and neck positions (HNP) in sport horses are under debate in the equine community, as they could interfere with equine welfare. HNPs have not been quantified objectively and no information is available on their head and neck loading. Objectives: To quantify in vivo HNPs in sport horses and develop o a model to estimate loading on the cervical vertebrae in these positions. Methods: Videos were taken of 7 Warmbloods at walk on a straight line in 5 positions, representing all HNPs during Warmblood training and competition. Markers were glued at 5 anatomical landmarks. Two-dimensional angles and distances were determined from video frames for the 5 HNPs and statistically compared (P < 0.05). A new simulation model was developed to estimate nuchal ligament cervical loading at these HNPs. Results: The mean angles were significantly different between the 5 HNPs for the line between C1 and T6 with the horizontal and for the line connecting the facial crest (CF) and C1 with the vertical, while the vertical distance from CF to the lateral styloid process of the radius (PS) was significantly different between all 5 positions (P < 0.05). The estimated nuchal ligament loading appeared to be largest at the origin of C2 for all HNPs, except for the 'hyperextended' HNP5; the 'hyperflexed' HNP4 showed the largest loading values on the nuchal ligament origins at all locations. Conclusions: HNPs can be accurately quantified in the sagittal plane from angles and distances based on standard anatomical landmarks and home-video captured images. Nuchal ligament loading showed the largest estimated values at its origin on C2 in hyperflexion (HNP4). Potential relevance: Modelling opens further perspectives to eventually estimate loading for individual horses and thus ergonomically optimise their HNP, which may improve the welfare of the sport horse during training and competition

Mouldable, thermoplastic, glue-on frog-supportive shoes change hoof kinetics in normal and obese Shetland ponies

Background: Obesity and hyperinsulinaemia are frequently encountered in the equine population and risk factors for the development of laminitis. There are many options for hoof support that claim a beneficial effect, but often the scientific evidence is scarce. Objectives: To quantify the effect of frog-supportive shoes on hoof kinetics in normal and obese ponies. Study design: Controlled invivo trial. Methods: Ten Shetland mares (n=10) with a normal (n=5) or obese (n=5) body condition were led over a dynamically calibrated pressure plate before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 72h (T2) after application of the shoes. The following locomotor variables were measured: stance duration (StDur), vertical impulse (VI), peak vertical force (PVF), time to PVF and time from PVF to lift off. The hoof print was divided into a toe and heel region and the StDur toe-heel index was calculated. The toe-heel hoof balance curves of the vertical force were plotted throughout the stance phase. Results: The VI and PVF increased significantly 72h after application of the shoes, when compared with T0 and T1. The StDur toe-heel index and toe-heel balance curves were significantly different between the normal and obese ponies. These variables became more comparable between the groups after application of the frog-supportive shoes. Main limitations: It would have been interesting to measure the effect of the shoe in patients with acute laminitis. However, this would have had major welfare implications. Conclusions: The obese ponies moved more carefully than the normal group, demonstrated by a decreased loading of the toe area. The data illustrate that the ponies became more comfortable 72h after application of the shoes, with a pronounced effect in the obese group. Thus, these results suggest that frog-supportive shoes could be beneficial, especially for obese ponies

Effect of different head and neck positions on behaviour, heart rate variability and cortisol levels in lunged Royal Dutch Sport horses

Different head-and-neck positions (HNPs) are discussed in relation to potential welfare issues. To evaluate the effect on welfare, seven Royal Dutch Sport horses were studied in five predetermined HNPs: (1) unrestrained (HNP1); (2) neck raised, bridge of nose around the vertical (HNP2); (3) neck lowered and considerably flexed, bridge of nose pointing towards the chest (HNP4); (4) neck raised and extended, bridge of nose in front of the vertical (HNP5), and (5) neck lowered and flexed, bridge of nose pointing towards the carpus (HNP7). A standardised exercise test (SET) of 34 min consisted of trot, canter and walk. Behaviour was recorded with a pre-defined ethogram and R-R intervals measured using telemetry. Cortisol concentrations were taken at the start, 5 and 30 min after the SET. Behaviour around the SET was scored separately.Conflict behaviours increased significantly during HNP2 when compared with HNP1, HNP4 and HNP7 during the SET, and there was significant negative anticipation before HNP2 and HNP7. The heart rate variability (HRV) frequency domain for HNP2 showed a significantly increased low frequency peak (LFpeak) compared with other HNPs, and there was a decrease in very low frequency (VLF%) compared with HNP1. HNP4 showed a significant increase in LF% and decrease in VLF% compared with HNP1. Saliva cortisol concentrations were significantly increased in HNP2 at 5 and 30 min after exercise. Increased conflict behaviour was mostly observed in HNP2, but there was a raised HRV suggesting a sympathetic shift in HNP2 and HNP4, and increased cortisol concentrations during HNP2 indicated a stress response