Energy-Efficient Sleep Mode Schemes for Cell-Less RAN in 5G and Beyond 5G Networks

In 5G and beyond 5G networks, the new cell-less radio access network architecture is adopted to overcome the extreme network capacity challenges generated by massive wireless devices used for diverse scenarios and various applications. At the same time, the evolution of mobile communications faces the important challenge of increased network power consumption. To fulfill user demands for various user densities and meanwhile reduce the power consumption, we present a novel energy-efficiency enhancement scheme, i.e., (3×E) to increase the transmission rate per energy unit, with stable performance within the cell-less radio access network (RAN) architecture. Our proposed (3×E) scheme activates two-step sleep modes (i.e., certain phase and conditional phase) through the intelligent interference management for temporarily switching access points (APs) to sleep, optimizing the network energy efficiency (EE) in highly loaded scenarios, as well as in scenarios with lower load. An intelligent control over underutilized/unused APs is considered, taking their interference contribution into account as the primary main criteria in addition to load-based conditional criteria. Therefore, our proposed scheme assures a stable performance enhancement and maintains an efficient power saving when the number of UEs increases, improving existing works not addressing this performance stability in peak-traffic hours. Simulation results show that the network EE is improved up to 30% compared to the reference algorithm and up to 60% with respect to the baseline algorithm in which all APs are active all the time.This work was supported by the European Union H2020 Research and Innovation Programme funded by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network (ITN) TeamUp5G Project under Grant 81339

5GNOW: Challenging the LTE Design Paradigms of Orthogonality and Synchronicity

LTE and LTE-Advanced have been optimized to deliver high bandwidth pipes to wireless users. The transport mechanisms have been tailored to maximize single cell performance by enforcing strict synchronism and orthogonality within a single cell and within a single contiguous frequency band. Various emerging trends reveal major shortcomings of those design criteria: 1) The fraction of machine-type-communications (MTC) is growing fast. Transmissions of this kind are suffering from the bulky procedures necessary to ensure strict synchronism. 2) Collaborative schemes have been introduced to boost capacity and coverage (CoMP), and wireless networks are becoming more and more heterogeneous following the non-uniform distribution of users. Tremendous efforts must be spent to collect the gains and to manage such systems under the premise of strict synchronism and orthogonality. 3) The advent of the Digital Agenda and the introduction of carrier aggregation are forcing the transmission systems to deal with fragmented spectrum. 5GNOW is an European research project supported by the European Commission within FP7 ICT Call 8. It will question the design targets of LTE and LTE-Advanced having these shortcomings in mind and the obedience to strict synchronism and orthogonality will be challenged. It will develop new PHY and MAC layer concepts being better suited to meet the upcoming needs with respect to service variety and heterogeneous transmission setups. Wireless transmission networks following the outcomes of 5GNOW will be better suited to meet the manifoldness of services, device classes and transmission setups present in envisioned future scenarios like smart cities. The integration of systems relying heavily on MTC into the communication network will be eased. The per-user experience will be more uniform and satisfying. To ensure this 5GNOW will contribute to upcoming 5G standardization.Comment: Submitted to Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communication Systems for 2020 and beyond (at IEEE VTC 2013, Spring

5GNOW: Challenging the LTE Design Paradigms of Orthogonality and Synchronicity

Abstract-LTE and LTE-Advanced have been optimized to deliver high bandwidth pipes to wireless users. The transport mechanisms have been tailored to maximize single cell performance by enforcing strict synchronism and orthogonality within a single cell and within a single contiguous frequency band. Various emerging trends reveal major shortcomings of those design criteria: • The fraction of machine-type-communications (MTC) is growing fast. Transmissions of this kind are suffering from the bulky procedures necessary to ensure strict synchronism. • Collaborative schemes have been introduced to boost capacity and coverage (CoMP), and wireless networks are becoming more and more heterogeneous following the non-uniform distribution of users. Tremendous efforts must be spent to collect the gains and to manage such systems under the premise of strict synchronism and orthogonality. • The advent of the Digital Agenda and the introduction of carrier aggregation are forcing the transmission systems to deal with fragmented spectrum. 5GNOW will question the design targets of LTE and LTEAdvanced having these shortcomings in mind. The obedience of LTE and LTE-Advanced to strict synchronism and orthogonality will be challenged. It will develop new PHY and MAC layer concepts being better suited to meet the upcoming needs with respect to service variety and heterogeneous transmission setups. A demonstrator will be built as Proof-of-Concept relying upon continuously growing capabilities of silicon based processing. Wireless transmission networks following the outcomes of 5GNOW will be better suited to meet the manifoldness of services, device classes and transmission setups being present in envisioned future scenarios like smart cities. The integration of systems relying heavily on MTC, e.g. sensor networks, into the communication network will be eased. The per-user experience will be more uniform and satisfying. To ensure this 5GNOW will contribute to upcoming 5G standardization. First and foremost the need for un-tethered telephony and therefore wireless real-time communication has dominated the success of cordless phones, followed by first generation (1G) of cellular communications. Soon, incorporated in 2G, twoway paging implemented by SMS text messaging became the second killer application. With the success of wireless LAN technology (i.e. IEEE 802.11), http internet browsing, and the widespread market adoption of laptop computers internet data connectivity became interesting for anyone, opening up the opportunity for creating a market for the third killer application in 3G, wireless data connectivity. The logical next step has been the shrinkage of the laptop, merging it with the cellular telephone into todays' smartphones, and offering high bandwidth access to wireless users with the world's information at their fingertips everywhere and everytime. This is the scenario of the current 4G generation with the most prominent example LTE-A (Long Term EvolutionAdvanced). Hence, smartphones are, undoubtedly, in the focus of service architectures for future mobile access networks. Current market trends and future projections indicate that smartphone sales will keep growing and overtook conventional phones [TIA's 2009 to constitute now the lion's share of the global phone market: the smartphone has become a mass market device. Keywords-LTE- The next foreseen killer application is the massive wireless connectivity of machines with other machines, referred to as M2M or the Internet of Things (IoT). During the past years a multitude of wireless M2M applications has been explored, e.g. information dissemination in public transport systems or in manufacturing plants. However, fast deployment of M2M through a simple 'plug and play' connection via cellular networks is not a reality and the commercial success has been somewhat limited, yet. The availability of cellular coverage needs to be combined with simplicity of handling, in both software and hardware aspects, i.e. avoiding having to setup and connect as in a ZigBee or WLAN hot-spot but at the same time allowing longer battery life time and cheap devices. These principles can stimulate subscribers to buy M2M sensors and participate in the collection of monitoring data. M2M can be employed by communities (social network) to share monitoring information about cars, homes an

Vztah mezi sorpční charakteristikou a vybranými funkčními u chemicky modifikovaných voskových kukuřičných škrobů

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of chemical modification of waxy maize starch on its sorption, pasting properties, and in vitro digestibility, and to investigate the relationships among tested properties. The research materials were octenyl succinate, acetylated, oxidized, and acetylated‐oxidized starches. Starch acetylation and octenyl succinylation decreased amount of moisture content adsorbed above 0.4 water activity. For all tested starches, the bound adsorption predominates over free adsorption. Esterification with octenyl succinic or acetic anhydrides increased pastes hot paste and final viscosities. The rapidly digestible starch content decreased after performed modifications of waxy maize starch. Correlation analysis showed that peak viscosity and breakdown parameter of starch pastes were largely dependent on the properties of sorbed water. Ratio of free to bound water (F/B) at different water activities correlated with the setback values and contents of slowly digestible and resistant starch fractions.Cílem této studie bylo zhodnotit vliv chemické modifikace voskového kukuřičného škrobu na jeho sorpci, pasterační vlastnosti a stravitelnost in vitro a prozkoumat vztahy mezi testovanými vlastnostmi. Výzkumnými materiály byly oktenylsukcinát, acetylované, oxidované a acetylované oxidované škroby. Acetylace škrobu a oktenyl sukcinylace snížily množství vlhkosti adsorbované nad 0,4 aktivity vody. U všech testovaných škrobů převažuje vázaná adsorpce nad volnou adsorpcí. Esterifikace anhydridy oktenylové kyseliny jantarové nebo octové zvyšuje pastu horkou pastu a finální viskozitu. Po provedených modifikacích voskového kukuřičného škrobu se obsah rychle stravitelného škrobu snížil. Korelační analýza ukázala, že maximální viskozita a parametr rozkladu škrobových past byly do značné míry závislé na vlastnostech sorbované vody. Poměr volné a vázané vody (F / B) při různých vodních aktivitách koreloval s hodnotami úbytku a obsahem pomalu stravitelných a rezistentních škrobových frakcí