Конструктивистичка одбрана објективности моралних стандарда и природног закона без улажења у расправу о моралном реализму

The main goal of Kenneth R. Westphal’s How Hume and Kant Reconstruct Natural Law: Justifying Strict Objectivity without Debating Moral Realism is to defend the objectivity of moral standards and natural law and thus avoid the discussion about moral realism and its alternatives by interpreting Hume and Kant in a constructivistic sense. The reason behind the author’s disagreement with both: moral realism and non-realism (its alternative) is our inability to properly understand and answer one of the two parts in Socrates’ question to Euthyphro: “Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved?“ Moral realists cannot provide an answer to its second part, since it is not possible to prove that moral standards are not artificial; conversely, moral non-realists cannot provide an answer to its first part, since it is not possible to avoid the relatitvity of moral standards. The author tends to solve this problem by avoiding the confrontation between moral realism and non-realism and thus choosing the constuctivistic stance that, as he argues, can be found in both Hume’s and Kant’s theories. The main point of this stance is that moral standards are indeed artificial, yet not arbitrary. He proves this by pointing out that both Hume and Kant treat the moral standards as a social fact (that is, artificial), but also as objective. Westphal points out that Hume explicitly writes about moral standards as a social fact, while showing that, at the same time, his theory of justice, which precedes all of the moral standards, is established independently of his theory of moral sentiments (potentially leading to moral relativism). In this manner, he provides the objectivity of those standards. On the other hand, Kant’s theory is interpreted as advanced, yet similar to Hume’s in its structure. The crucial similarity is that both Hume and Kant interpret the moral standards as a social fact (that is, as an artificial) and, at the same time, as the objective ones. Kant, unlike Hume, provides this objectivity by using a specific moral criterion – a categorical imperative. Those assumptions will be used as the main premises of a distinctively inspiring interpretation of Hume’s and Kant’s theories of justice.Главни циљ књиге How Hume and Kant Reconstruct Natural Law: Justifying Strict Objectivity without Debating Moral Realism Кенета Р. Вестфала је да успостављањем конструктивистичке позиције код Хјума и Канта одбрани објективност моралних стандарда и природног закона и на тај начин из-бегне расправу о моралном реализму и његовим алтернативама. Аутор сматра да је потребно избећи ову расправу, јер уколико се приклонимо моралном реализму или моралном не-реализму (његовој алтернативи), нећемо моћи да обухватимо један или други део питања које Сократ упућује 663REVIEW ESSAYЕутифрону а које гласи: „Да ли је побожно биће вољено од стране богова јер је побожно, или је побожно зато што је вољено од стране богова?“. Мо-ралним реализмом се не може обухватити други део, јер се не може по-казати да морални стандарди нису вештачки, док моралним не-реализмом не може први, јер се не може избећи релативизам моралних стандарда. Овај проблем аутор настоји да реши тако што ће заобићи конфронтацију моралног реализма и не-реаилзма заузимајући позицију конструктивизма, коју налази и утемељује код Хјума и Канта, а којом се тврди да морални стандарди јесу вештачки, али не арбитрарни. То показује тако што и код Хјума и код Канта проналази да моралне стандарде третирају као социјал-ну чињеницу (као вештачке), али и као нешто објективно. Вестфал при-мећује да Хјум експлицитно пише о моралу као социјалној чињеници, али показује да је његова теорија правде, којој подлежу морални принципи, изграђена невезано од његове теорије моралних сентимената (која може одвести у релативизам), те на тај начин обезбеђује објективност ових прин-ципа. Кантову теорију, са друге стране, интерпретира као знатно унапређе-ну, али структурално сличну, Хјумовој. Ова сличност огледа се у томе што се морални стандарди такође интерпретирају као социјална чињеница (као вештачки), и као објективни. Објективност, сада за разлику од Хјума, Кант добија спрецифичним моралним критеријумом – категоричким императи-вом. Наведене поставке аутор користи као премисе за веома инспиративну интерпретацију Хјумове и Кантове теорије правде

Developing engineering ontology for domain coordinate metrology

Već razvijene i primenjene inženjerske informacije, često su skladištene i zaboravljene. Trenutni pristupi pretraživanju informacija su nedovoljno efikasni u razumevanju inženjerskih sadržaja, jer oni nisu razvijeni tako da dele, ponovo upotrebljavaju i predstavljaju informacije jednog inženjerskog domena. U ovom radu se daje trenutno stanje razvoja inženjerske ontologije i predlaže metod njenog razvoja na konceptualnom nivou, u cilju ponovne upotrebe i deljenja znanja u domenu koordinatne metrologije. Osim toga, metod definiše razvoj ontologije za potrebe izgradnje baze znanja, kao jedne od osnovnih komponenti inteligentnog sistema za inspekciju prizmatičnih delova na numerički upravljanoj mernoj mašini. Predloženi metod je implementiran u softveru Protégé na primeru jednog mernog dela.Already developed and applied engineering information, it is often stored and forgotten. Current approaches for information retrieval are not effective enough in understanding of engineering contents, because they are not developed to share, reuse and represent information of an engineering domain. This paper presents the current state of development engineering ontology (EO) and suggests the method of its development at conceptual level, in order to reuse and share knowledge in domain of coordinate metrology (CM). Furthermore, the method defines development of ontology for the construction of knowledge base, as one of the basic components of an intelligent system for the inspection of prismatic parts on coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The proposed method is implemented in the software Protégé on the example of one measuring part

Developing engineering ontology for domain coordinate metrology

Već razvijene i primenjene inženjerske informacije, često su skladištene i zaboravljene. Trenutni pristupi pretraživanju informacija su nedovoljno efikasni u razumevanju inženjerskih sadržaja, jer oni nisu razvijeni tako da dele, ponovo upotrebljavaju i predstavljaju informacije jednog inženjerskog domena. U ovom radu se daje trenutno stanje razvoja inženjerske ontologije i predlaže metod njenog razvoja na konceptualnom nivou, u cilju ponovne upotrebe i deljenja znanja u domenu koordinatne metrologije. Osim toga, metod definiše razvoj ontologije za potrebe izgradnje baze znanja, kao jedne od osnovnih komponenti inteligentnog sistema za inspekciju prizmatičnih delova na numerički upravljanoj mernoj mašini. Predloženi metod je implementiran u softveru Protégé na primeru jednog mernog dela.Already developed and applied engineering information, it is often stored and forgotten. Current approaches for information retrieval are not effective enough in understanding of engineering contents, because they are not developed to share, reuse and represent information of an engineering domain. This paper presents the current state of development engineering ontology (EO) and suggests the method of its development at conceptual level, in order to reuse and share knowledge in domain of coordinate metrology (CM). Furthermore, the method defines development of ontology for the construction of knowledge base, as one of the basic components of an intelligent system for the inspection of prismatic parts on coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The proposed method is implemented in the software Protégé on the example of one measuring part

Cyber Physical Manufacturing Metrology

The Cyber Physical Manufacturing Metrology (CP2M) is based on integration of the Cyber Physical Manufacturing (CPM) and connection between Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud technology (CT). These are high-level methodologies for development of new generation manufacturing metrology systems, which are more intelligent, flexible and self-adaptable. CP2M generates Big Data, horizontally by integration (network of machines/CMMs, processes and sensors) and vertically by control (usually defined over five levels) which should be analytically processed and managed by the CP2M. In this paper was given, a detailed analysis of the current framework of development the CP2M. A brief overview of the concept CP2M research, particularly in Serbia is given as well

An optimized and virtual on-machine measurement planning model

Specifične potrebe kupaca postavljaju zahteve za fleksibilnošću i personalizovanim proizvodima, kao i brzim plasmanom na tržište. Masovna kastomizacija daje odgovor na ove zahteve i nameće nove potrebe unutar proizvodnih sistema kao što su optimizacija i virtuelizacija procesa obrade i merenja. Jedan doprinos u tom pravcu predstavljen je u ovom radu, a odnosi se na razvoj i verifikaciju modela merenja na mašini alatki. Cilj verifikacije je vizuelna provera kolizije između merne glave postavljene u prihvat alata i mernog predmeta na radnom stolu mašine. Virtuelni model planiranja merenja na mašini je realizovan na konfigurisanoj virtuelnoj mašini alatki LOLA HBG 80 u CAD okruženju. Merna puta je generisana novom metodologijom planiranja, potom optimizovana primenom kolonije mrava, programirana i verifikovana simulacijom za nekoliko standardnih oblika tolerancije. Izlaz iz simulacije je G-kod za realno merenje na mašini za delove srednje i grube klase tačnosti.The specific needs of customers set requirements like flexibility and custom-made products, as well as quick placement of products on the markets. Mass customization responds to these requirements and imposes new demands inside manufacturing systems such as optimization and virtualization of machining and measurement processes. A contribution in that direction is presented in this paper, pertaining to development and verification an on-machine measurement planning model. The aim of the verification is to visualize collision check between the measuring head placed in the tool holder and the workpiece on the machine tool working table. The virtual on-machine measurement was realized on the configured virtual machine tool LOLA HBG80 in the CAD environment. The measurement path is generated by a new planning methodology, then optimized using ants colony, programed and verified by simulations through few examples of standard forms of tolerance. The output of the simulation process is the G-code for real on-machine measurement for prismatic parts of medium and rough dimensional accuracy

Cyber Physical Manufacturing Metrology

The Cyber Physical Manufacturing Metrology (CP2M) is based on integration of the Cyber Physical Manufacturing (CPM) and connection between Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud technology (CT). These are high-level methodologies for development of new generation manufacturing metrology systems, which are more intelligent, flexible and self-adaptable. CP2M generates Big Data, horizontally by integration (network of machines/CMMs, processes and sensors) and vertically by control (usually defined over five levels) which should be analytically processed and managed by the CP2M. In this paper was given, a detailed analysis of the current framework of development the CP2M. A brief overview of the concept CP2M research, particularly in Serbia is given as well

Development of a knowledge base for the planning of prismatic parts inspection on CMM

Inspection on coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is based on software support for various classes of metrological tasks, i.e. Tolerances. Today, the design of a uniform inspection plan for a measuring part presents a rather complex issue due to the following: (i) metrological complexity of a measuring part; (ii) skills and knowledge of a designer / inspection planner; and (iii) software for CAI model, considered as a part of an integrated CAD-CAPP-CAM-CAI system. This issue could be addressed by the usage of expert systems that generate a conceptual inspection plan for a measuring part, based on which the inspection plan for a selected CMM could be automatically developed. This paper presents the development of a model of an automatic inspection planning system for CMMs, and, in particular, the developed knowledge base model

Development of a knowledge base for the planning of prismatic parts inspection on CMM

Inspection on coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is based on software support for various classes of metrological tasks, i.e. Tolerances. Today, the design of a uniform inspection plan for a measuring part presents a rather complex issue due to the following: (i) metrological complexity of a measuring part; (ii) skills and knowledge of a designer / inspection planner; and (iii) software for CAI model, considered as a part of an integrated CAD-CAPP-CAM-CAI system. This issue could be addressed by the usage of expert systems that generate a conceptual inspection plan for a measuring part, based on which the inspection plan for a selected CMM could be automatically developed. This paper presents the development of a model of an automatic inspection planning system for CMMs, and, in particular, the developed knowledge base model

An optimized and virtual on-machine measurement planning model

Specifične potrebe kupaca postavljaju zahteve za fleksibilnošću i personalizovanim proizvodima, kao i brzim plasmanom na tržište. Masovna kastomizacija daje odgovor na ove zahteve i nameće nove potrebe unutar proizvodnih sistema kao što su optimizacija i virtuelizacija procesa obrade i merenja. Jedan doprinos u tom pravcu predstavljen je u ovom radu, a odnosi se na razvoj i verifikaciju modela merenja na mašini alatki. Cilj verifikacije je vizuelna provera kolizije između merne glave postavljene u prihvat alata i mernog predmeta na radnom stolu mašine. Virtuelni model planiranja merenja na mašini je realizovan na konfigurisanoj virtuelnoj mašini alatki LOLA HBG 80 u CAD okruženju. Merna puta je generisana novom metodologijom planiranja, potom optimizovana primenom kolonije mrava, programirana i verifikovana simulacijom za nekoliko standardnih oblika tolerancije. Izlaz iz simulacije je G-kod za realno merenje na mašini za delove srednje i grube klase tačnosti.The specific needs of customers set requirements like flexibility and custom-made products, as well as quick placement of products on the markets. Mass customization responds to these requirements and imposes new demands inside manufacturing systems such as optimization and virtualization of machining and measurement processes. A contribution in that direction is presented in this paper, pertaining to development and verification an on-machine measurement planning model. The aim of the verification is to visualize collision check between the measuring head placed in the tool holder and the workpiece on the machine tool working table. The virtual on-machine measurement was realized on the configured virtual machine tool LOLA HBG80 in the CAD environment. The measurement path is generated by a new planning methodology, then optimized using ants colony, programed and verified by simulations through few examples of standard forms of tolerance. The output of the simulation process is the G-code for real on-machine measurement for prismatic parts of medium and rough dimensional accuracy