用FDI 存量衡量国外子公司经营活动存在偏差

研究人员经常将母国在东道国的子公司创造的增加值（VA）称作外国直接投资（FDI）， 并使用国际收支平衡表中的FDI流量和存量进行度量。实际上FDI记录的是国内公司和国外公司之间的长期金融交易，因此FDI存量和流量衡量的范围较窄。例如，法国对澳大利亚的FDI存量，是衡量法国母公司拥有的在澳大利亚的子公司的股份和再投资收益，以及在澳大利亚的子公司对法国母公司的净负债

Resilience of European farms under different CAP scenarios

The upcoming reform of the Common Agricultural Policy will put pressure on agricultural incomes and will cause more price volatility and income risk for farms in the EU. This raises the question if and how farms will survive these disturbances. Farms are able to survive only if they respond appropriately to disturbances. This resilience of farms is explained in this research by analysing the number of strategies that farmers indicate that they will use in a situation where the current CAP will continue and in a situation where it will disappear. The outcomes show that under both scenarios large more specialised farms with young farm heads are most resilient, and small more diversified farms headed by old farmers are least resilient. Results also show that farms that indicate to exit are the ones that are most dependent on CAP support, have old farm heads, and are part-time and diversified farms.resilience, governance, CAP reform, count model, Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management,

Cost-benefit analysis of the Dutch nature conservation policy: direct, indirect effects and transaction costs of the ecological main structure in the Netherlands

The scattering of nature areas in the Netherlands and the increased demand for nature lead to a governmental project in 1990 to complete a network of nature favouring areas, the ecological main structure, in 2018. The financial and economic costs and benefits of this project were analysed. Targets for purchasing of agricultural land and conversion into nature were adjusted several times as the land price doubled between 1995 and 2000. The purchasing rate still has to double, which will probably drive up the land price even further. The alternative is long-term contracts with farmers or private landowners for nature conservation

Measuring Social Capital among indigenous agricultural people of the Cordilleras in Northern Philippines

This reports a research work that measured the social capital of indigenous Kanakaney and Ibaloi vegetable growers and traders in seven highland communities of Benguet, in the Cordillera region, Philippines. The social capital index was calculated using an additive equation. The equation consists of measurable variables such as formal associations, trust, collective action and satisfaction and optimism. Six factors explaining social capital were extracted. Tests were used to check for relationships between social capital indicators and exogenous variables such as gender, educational attainment, religion, age and ethnicity. The effect of social capital on vegetable marketing is that possibly more efficient marketing arrangements are foregone in lieu of friendships and tribal ties, resulting in inefficiency and increased transaction costs for both parties. To prevent long term market inefficiency, the strength of informal networks can be employed to promote the formation of formal networks, inter-tribal transactions and a properly functioning institutional environment.Institutional and Behavioral Economics,