Lost and Found in Translation: Women Translating the Classics as Rhetorical Acts

Women translators of the classics by Homer, Vergil, and Ovid situate themselves between a text and an audience who occupies a culture that is at odds with the ancient world. Women use rhetorical strategies to correct misunderstandings and misappropriations in these canonical texts. “Lost and Found in Translation: Women Translating the Classics as Rhetorical Acts” juxtaposes men’s translations of the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Metamorphoses with women’s recent translations through text analysis. Chapter One, “Lost and Found in Translation: An Introduction,” situates my approach and analysis of Caroline Alexander’s Iliad (2015), Shadi Bartsch’s Aeneid (2021), Stephanie McCarter’s Metamorphoses (2022), Sarah Ruden’s Aeneid (2021), and Emily Wilson’s Odyssey (2018), texts that are often taught to students beginning at the secondary level. Each chapter juxtaposes men’s translations with women’s and examines rhetorical strategies women employ. Chapter Two, “Women’s Rhetorical Strategies of Translation: A Review of Recent Translations of Classical Texts by Women,” reviews introductory materials of women’s translations and identifies key rhetorical strategies women use in their translations: reception, relevance, justification, accuracy, and word choice. Chapter Three, “Daphne’s Consent, Salmacis’ Force: A Case Study of Rape in Translation,” examines how women accurately translate stories of rape. Chapter Four, “Unnatural Iphis and Biformis Hermaphroditus: A Case Study of Gender and Sexuality in Translation,” argues that McCarter’s translations of Tiresias, Iphis, and Hermaphroditus reflect changes in cultural values around gender and sexuality. Chapter Five, “Women in/and Translation: A Case Study of Philomela and Arachne Crafting Rhetoric,” examines how Philomela and Arachne use weaving as a rhetorical act to share messages across mediums and with audiences. Chapter Six, “Penelope and Dido: A Case Study in Faithfulness,” argues that accuracy is a non-gendered approach to translation and examines the gendered metaphor of faithfulness in translation. My Conclusion calls for more scholarship around feminist translation of the classics, and the need for women to translate the rhetorical texts of Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian. Just as regendering the rhetorical timeline exposed women’s participation in rhetoric, translating the rhetorical texts may continue to create change in the foundations of this field

Acute and Chronic Effects of Hypobaric Exposure upon the Brain

Exposure to the hypobaric environment presents numerous physiological challenges to both aviators/pilots, mountain climbers and astronauts. Decompression sickness (DCS) is one of the most commonly experienced maladies and may present variably in protean fashion from mild symptoms such as the bends to severe neurological or pulmonary (i.e. chokes) symptomatology. Furthermore, exposure to extreme non-hypoxic hypobaric environments such as those experienced by our U-2 pilots, irrespective of clinical history of decompression sickness, incites development of white matter hyperintensity lesions that are diffuse in nature. Additionally, non-hypoxic hypobaric exposure also impacts white matter integrity independent of presence of white matter hyperintensities as measured by fractional anisotropy. Functionally, this translated into subtle but significantly lower neurocognitive test performance in U-2 pilots exposed to extreme non-hypoxic hypobaric conditions when compared to pilots without repeated exposure and correlated with degree of white matter lesion burden. In this chapter, we discuss results of our U-2 pilot studies along with published research on high-altitude climbers. We also review ongoing and future directional research and discuss operational implications due to our findings of non-hypoxic hypobaric exposure. Lastly, we examine the incidence of DCS in our astronaut population as well as the risks of performing extravehicular activity (EVA)

Schopenhauer's last will

Nach Ansicht des deutschen Philosophen Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1866) ist die Welt, die wir sehen und kennen, nicht Deckungsgleich mit der Wirklichkeit. Er nennt dieses gedankliche Bild die Welt der Vorstellungen, die durch das Wirken unseres Intellekts entsteht. Diese Vorstellungen sind das subjektive und persönliche Korrelat der Wirklichkeit und abhängig von unserer Wahrnehmung und den internen Wirkungsweisen unseres Intellekts. Da Schopenhauer einen rein subjektiven Idealismus verwirft, glaubt er an die ontologische Existenz eines beobachter-unabhängigen Seienden, das er in der Tradition Kants das Ding an sich nennt. Dieses Ding an sich erkennt er im Willen, eine transzendentale, ungerichtete und außerpersönliche Kraft, die kein intentionales Ziel verfolgt, außer fortwährend zu wollen und zu streben. Für uns Menschen liegt der Wille außerhalb der objektiven Wissbarkeit, wenngleich wir sein Wirken ständig als Wünsche, Triebe, Neigungen und den Willen zum Leben erfahren. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf ausgewählten Standpunkten von Schopenhauers Philosophie, die mit Hilfe moderner Fragestellungen und Ansätzen der interdisziplinären Kognitionswissenschaften analysiert werden sollen. In 3.1 wird Schopenhauers Version des transzendentalen Idealismus mit logischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Mitteln hinterfragt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Schopenhauers Argumente nur höchst unzureichend sind und sogar logische Fehler enthalten. Dennoch wurden in der Folge jene Hauptannahmen ausgearbeitet und diskutiert, welche nach meiner Überzeugung die Grundpfeiler von Schopenhauers Erkenntnistheorie sind. Danach werden Schopenhauers Theorien zu Gehirn und Geist auf ihre neurobiologische Plausibilität geprüft (3.2). Ein aktuelles Paradigma der Cognitive Science ist die Theorie der verkörperten Kognition (embodied cognition). Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurde erläutert, dass ähnliche Ansätze bereits in Schopenhauers Philosophie anzutreffen sind (3.3). Da einige Charakteristika von Schopenhauers Wille-Konzept stark an Aussagen der Evolutionstheorie erinnern, sollte in 3.4 die Frage gestellt werden, ob der Idee eines transzendentalen Willens auch metaphorisch verstanden werden könnte und ob eine Naturalisierung möglich ist. Der letzte Abschnitt behandelt das Thema Willensfreiheit und inwiefern Schopenhauer einen Beitrag zur gegenwärtigen Diskussion leistet (3.5)

Development of a method for the determination ofhydromorphone in plasma by LC – MS

A simple high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of hydromorphone in small volume plasma has been developed. Following solid‐phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges, samples were separated by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography on an Atlantis T3 4.6×150mm column (3.0μm) and quantified using mass spectrometry. The mobile phase was a mixture of water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (91:9). The stan- dard curve ranged from 1 to 500ng/mL. Intra‐ and Inter‐assay variability for hydromorphone was \u3c10%, and the average recovery was \u3e90%. The LLOQ was 1ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of hydromorphone samples at this institution. This method could be useful to those investigators dealing with small sample volumes, particularly when conducting pharmacokinetic studies that require multiple sampling from the same animal

Effective connectivity reveals distinctive patterns in response to others’ genuine affective experience of disgust

Empathy is significantly influenced by the identification of others’ emotions. In a recent study, we have found increased activation in the anterior insular cortex (aIns) that could be attributed to affect sharing rather than perceptual saliency, when seeing another person genuinely experiencing pain as opposed to merely acting to be in pain. In that prior study, effective connectivity between aIns and the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) was revealed to represent what another person really feels. In the present study, we used a similar paradigm to investigate the corresponding neural signatures in the domain of empathy for disgust - with participants seeing others genuinely sniffing unpleasant odors as compared to pretending to smell something disgusting (in fact the disgust expressions in both conditions were acted for reasons of experimental control). Consistent with the previous findings on pain, we found stronger activations in aIns associated with affect sharing for genuine disgust (inferred) compared with pretended disgust. However, instead of rSMG we found engagement of the olfactory cortex. Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we estimated the neural dynamics of aIns and the olfactory cortex between the genuine and pretended conditions. This revealed an increased excitatory modulatory effect for genuine disgust compared to pretended disgust. For genuine disgust only, brain-to-behavior regression analyses highlighted a link between the observed modulatory effect and a few empathic traits. Altogether, the current findings complement and expand our previous work, by showing that perceptual saliency alone does not explain responses in the insular cortex. Moreover, it reveals that different brain networks are implicated in a modality-specific way when sharing the affective experiences associated with pain vs. disgust

Online monitoring of vinyl chloride polymerization in a microreactor using raman spectroscopy

A novel capillary-based microfluidic device has been designed to follow the vinyl chloride polymerization reaction. The use of a co-flow generation system enabled obtaining monodisperse vinyl chloride droplets within 200 µm in diameter, each one being considered as a polymerization reactor. During polymerization VCM droplets were visualized with a high speed camera. At the end of the reaction PVC grains were observed with a Scanning Electron Microscopy technique. Real-time non-invasive Raman measurement has been performed on stationary vinyl chloride monomer droplets and has provided values of effective reaction orders n and effective rate constants k. This microdevice allowed the investigation in difficult conditions (pressure, temperature) with a minimal amount of reagents and consequently under safe conditions

Analysis of individual differences in neurofeedback training illuminates successful self-regulation of the dopaminergic midbrain

The dopaminergic midbrain is associated with reinforcement learning, motivation and decision-making – functions often disturbed in neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous research has shown that dopaminergic midbrain activity can be endogenously modulated via neurofeedback. However, the robustness of endogenous modulation, a requirement for clinical translation, is unclear. Here, we examine whether the activation of particular brain regions associates with successful regulation transfer when feedback is no longer available. Moreover, to elucidate mechanisms underlying effective self-regulation, we study the relation of successful transfer with learning (temporal difference coding) outside the midbrain during neurofeedback training and with individual reward sensitivity in a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Fifty-nine participants underwent neurofeedback training either in standard (Study 1 N = 15, Study 2 N = 28) or control feedback group (Study 1, N = 16). We find that successful self-regulation is associated with prefrontal reward sensitivity in the MID task (N = 25), with a decreasing relation between prefrontal activity and midbrain learning signals during neurofeedback training and with increased activity within cognitive control areas during transfer. The association between midbrain self-regulation and prefrontal temporal difference and reward sensitivity suggests that reinforcement learning contributes to successful self-regulation. Our findings provide insights in the control of midbrain activity and may facilitate individually tailoring neurofeedback training

Modulations in resting state networks of subcortical structures linked to creativity

Creativity is a sine qua non ability for almost all aspects of everyday life. Although very profound behavioural models were provided by 21st century psychologists, the neural correlates of these personality features associated with creativity are largely unknown. Recent models suggest strong relationships between dopamine release and various creative skills. Herein, we employed functional connectivity analyses of resting-state functional magnetic imaging data in order to shed light on these neural underpinnings of creative aspects. For improved sensitivity, we performed the study at ultra-high magnetic field (7 T). Seed regions were defined based on subcortical (ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra, nucleus caudatus) activation foci of a remote associates task (RAT). In addition, bilateral PCC was used as seed region to examine the default-mode network. Network strength across subjects was regressed against a battery of psychological variables related to creativity. Dopaminergic network variations turned out to be indicative for individual differences in creative traits. In this regard, the caudate network showed stronger connectivity in individuals with higher extraversion measures, while connectivity with the midbrain network was found increased with higher ideational behaviour and emotional stability