The Badhwar-O'Neill 2020 Model

The Badhwar-O'Neill (BON) model has been used for some time to describe the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment encountered in deep space by astronauts and sensitive electronics. The most recent version of the model, BON2014, was calibrated to available measurements to reduce model errors for particles and energies of significance to astronaut exposure. Although subsequent studies showed the model to be reasonably accurate for such applications, modifications to the sunspot number (SSN) classification system and a large number of new high precision measurements suggested the need to develop an improved and more capable model. In this work, the BON2020 model is described. The new model relies on daily integral flux from the Advanced Composition Explorer Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (ACE/CRIS) to describe solar activity. For time periods not covered by ACE/CRIS, the updated international SSN database is used. Parameters in the new model are calibrated to available data, which includes the new Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) and Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) high-precision measurements. It is found that the BON2020 model is a significant improvement over BON2014. Systematic errors associated with BON2014 have been removed. The average relative error of the BON2020 model compared to all available measurements is found to be <1%, and BON2020 is found to be within 15% of a large fraction of the available measurements (26,269 of 27,646 95%)

Three Methods for Solving the Low Energy Neutron Boltzmann Equation

The solution to the neutron Boltzmann equation is separated into a straightahead component dominating at high energies and an isotropic component dominating at low energies. The high-energy solution is calculated using HZETRN-05, and the low-energy isotropic component is modeled by two non-coupled integro-differential equations describing both forward and backward neutron propagation. Three different solution methods are then used to solve the equations. The collocation method employs linear I3-splines to transform each equation into a system of ODES; the resulting system is then solved exactly and evaluated using numerical integration techniques. Wilson\u27s method uses a perturbational approach in which a fundamental solution is obtained by solving a simple ODE, a new source term is generated by the fundamental solution, and the collocation method is then used to solve the remaining equation. The fixed-point series method extends Wilson\u27s method by continuing the perturbational procedure until desired convergence criteria are met. In all three cases, the total neutron flux is found by adding the forward and backward components. Comparisons are made between the three methods in one, two and three layer configurations in various space environments and compared to Monte Carlo data where available

Faster Heavy Ion Transport for HZETRN

The deterministic particle transport code HZETRN was developed to enable fast and accurate space radiation transport through materials. As more complex transport solutions are implemented for neutrons, light ions (Z 2) transport algorithm in HZETRN is reviewed, and a simple modification is shown to provide an approximate 5x decrease in execution time for galactic cosmic ray transport. Convergence tests and other comparisons are carried out to verify that numerical accuracy is maintained in the new algorithm

Peculiarities of bronchial asthma with obesity

Slaba Oxana, Zukow Walery. Peculiarities of bronchial asthma with obesity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(2):117-124. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15672http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%282%29%3A117-124https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/541144http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15672Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 20.10.2014. Revised 18.01.2015. Accepted: 25.02.2015. UDC: 616.248-036.001.33Peculiarities of bronchial asthma with obesity Oxana Slaba1, Walery Zukow2 1Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine2Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Corresponding Author:Oxana Slaba,Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical Universitye-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In order to define the peculiarities of bronchial asthma with obesity there was carried out the analysis of the examination of 90 patients suffering from BA. The patients were divided in 3 groups: the first one consisted of 33 patients with normal body mass, the second one consisted of 29 patients with excessive body mass and the third one consisted of 28 patients with obesity. Bronchial asthma of the patients with obesity significantly more often was complicated by lung tissue pneumosclerosis and these patients more often were diagnosed the comorbid states - hypertensive heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The patients from group with obesity significantly rarely were diagnosed allergic rhinitis and eosinophilia. Within analysis of the respiratory functions it was detected that the patients with obesity and excessive body mass had more expressive restrictive obstructions than the patients with normal body mass. Group with obesity included more women whose disease in comparison to man part was significantly more often complicated by pulmonary insufficiency of the third degree and pulmonary emphysema. In comparison to women men with obesity more often were suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Key words: bronchial asthma, phenotype, obesity

A Bi-Exponential Repair Algorithm for Radiation-Induced Double-Strand Breaks: Application to Chromosome Aberrations

Chromosome aberrations (CAs) are one of the effects of radiation exposure and are used as a biomarker. A new simulation program, named RITCARD (Radiation induced tracks, chromosome aberrations, repair, and damage) was developed to simulate radiation-induced CA. RITCARD is used with the program RITRACKS (Relativistic Ion Tracks), which simulates the radiation tracks. The restitution kinetics algorithm presented here is a significant improvement over the one used in the first version. Simulations of radiation-induced CA were performed for several ion types and mixed irradiation fields. These simulations will be useful to help interpreting experiments of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) simulator

Evaluation of HZETRN on the Martian Surface: Sensitivity Tests and Model Results

The Mars Science Laboratory Radiation Assessment Detector (MSLRAD) is providing continuous measurements of dose, dose equivalent, and particle flux on the surface of Mars. These measurements have been highly useful in validating environmental and radiation transport models that will be heavily relied upon for future deep space missions. In this work, the HZETRN code is utilized to estimate radiation quantities of interest on the Martian surface. A description of the modeling approach used with HZETRN is given along with the various input models and parameters used to define the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment and Martian geometry. Sensitivity tests are performed to gauge the impact of varying several input factors on quantities being compared to MSLRAD data. Results from these tests provide context for inter-code comparisons presented in a companion paper within this issue. It is found that details of the regolith and atmospheric composition have a minimal impact on surface flux, dose, and dose equivalent. Details of the density variation within the atmosphere and uncertainties associated with specifying the vertical atmospheric thickness are also found to have minimal impact. Two widely used GCR models are used as input into HZETRN and it is found that the associated surface quantities are within several percent of each other

Role of project manager during the construction process of the project Rekonstrukce silnice II/115 Černošice

Diplomová práce se věnuje podrobnému popisu činností, které vykonává manažer stavby při realizaci liniové stavby II/115 Černošice, rekonstrukce silnice. Práce popisuje nejen funkce manažera stavby, ale také společnost, která jako generální zhotovitel stavbu vykonává, a nechybí ani popis konkrétního projektu včetně postupu při výběrovém řízení. Druhá část je zaměřena na popis změn během výstavby a přesný postup toho, jak jsou procesovány tyto nepředvídatelné skutečnosti dle zákona o veřejných zakázkách. Vše je reflektováno na konkrétních příkladech.This thesis describes in detail all working operations and actions, that the manager has to execute while supervising the line construction II/115 - the road restoration in Černošice. It not only calls out all the duties of the manager, but also takes a deeper look at the general construction company, which manages the project. A more specific description of the particular project and a tender (selection process) timeline is also included in this thesis. The second part of this document focuses on changes that had to be made during the construction and the way these unpredictable circumstances are usually being handled according to the Public Procurement Act, shown on specific case studies

Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulation at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory

The external Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) spectrum is significantly modified when it passes through spacecraft shielding and astronauts. One approach for simulating the GCR space radiation environment at ground based accelerators would use the modified spectrum, rather than the external spectrum, in the accelerator beams impinging on biological targets. Two recent workshops have studied such GCR simulation. The first workshop was held at NASA Langley Research Center in October 2014. The second workshop was held at the NASA Space Radiation Investigators' workshop in Galveston, Texas in January 2015. The results of these workshops will be discussed in this paper

NASA Galactic Cosmic Radiation Environment Model: Badhwar-O'Neill (2014)

The BadhwarO'Neill (BON) Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) flux model is used by NASA to certify microelectronic systems and in the analysis of radiation health risks for human space flight missions. Of special interest to NASA is the kinetic energy region below 4.0 GeV/n due to the fact that exposure from GCR behind shielding (e.g., inside a space vehicle) is heavily influenced by the GCR particles from this energy domain. The BON model numerically solves the FokkerPlanck differential equation to account for particle transport in the heliosphere due to diffusion, convection, and adiabatic deceleration under the assumption of a spherically symmetric heliosphere. The model utilizes a GCR measurements database from various particle detectors to determine the boundary conditions. By using an updated GCR database and improved model fit parameters, the new BON model (BON14) is significantly improved over the previous BON models for describing the GCR radiation environment of interest to human space flight

Badhwar-O'Neill 2014 Galactic Cosmic Ray Flux Model Description

The Badhwar-O'Neill (BON) Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) model is based on GCR measurements from particle detectors. The model has mainly been used by NASA to certify microelectronic systems and the analysis of radiation health risks to astronauts in space missions. The BON14 model numerically solves the Fokker-Planck differential equation to account for particle transport in the heliosphere due to diffusion, convection, and adiabatic deceleration under the assumption of a spherically symmetric heliosphere. The model also incorporates an empirical time delay function to account for the lag of the solar activity to reach the boundary of the heliosphere. This technical paper describes the most recent improvements in parameter fits to the BON model (BON14). Using a comprehensive measurement database, it is shown that BON14 is significantly improved over the previous version, BON11