THE RIGHTS OF USUFRUCT AND EASEMENT IN POLAND AND CHINA

W artykule porównana została terminologia dotycząca użytkowania oraz służebności w Polsce i w Chinach. Materiał badawczy stanowiła księga druga ustawy z dn. 23 kwietnia 1964 r. – Kodeks cywilny (Dz. U. z 1964 r. Nr 16, poz. 93) oraz 中华人民共和国物权法, Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó wùquánfǎ – Ustawa o prawach rzeczowych Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej, ogłoszona dekretem Prezydenta ChRL nr 62 z dn. 16 marca 2007 r. Do przeprowadzenia badania zastosowana została metoda analizy tekstów porównywalnych. Dla badanych terminów w wielu przypadkach użyć można ekwiwalentów funkcjonalnych, które odnaleźć można w ustawach. Niektóre terminy mają jednak różny zakres znaczeniowy, bądź są to terminy bezekwiwalentowe i konieczne jest zastosowanie m.in. ekwiwalentów opisowych.In this paper the terminology concerning the usufruct and easement in Poland and China was compared. The research material was the second book of the Polish Civil Code (promulgated on 23th April 1965) and the Chinese Property Rights Law (promulgated on 16th March 2007). To conduct the study the method of comparison of comparable texts was applied. In many cases it is possible to use functional equivalents from legal acts for examined terms. However, some terms have different ranges of meaning or the terms are non-equivalent and then applying, for instance, descriptive equivalents, is necessary

Research Notes : Poland : Identification and evaluation for mutation of agricultural characters in soybean

In genetic and breeding work for soybean, it is essential to establish a variety adaptable to the climatic conditions of Poland. Induction of mutations is likely to broaden the variation range and help select traits favorable from the breeders\u27 viewpoint. An attempt to induce mutations was made on material genetically differentiated

Research Notes: Observations and evaluation of G. gracilis and G. soja forms for crossing within the Glycine genus under climatic conditions in Poland

Wild species of cultivated plants are well known to possess a high potential of adaptability manifested by high tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions and to pathogens. They are often carriers of valuable biochemical properties. To have these properties transmitted to cultivated species would no doubt be advantageous from the point of view of agriculture

Językowa kreacja matki w Nad Niemnem Elizy Orzeszkowej

A content analysis of the E. Orzeszkowa’s Positivist novel Nad Niemnem [On the Niemen] makes it possible to indicate a number of different mother-types featured in the book and created by its author, namely: the Polish Mother, the caring cat mother, the cuckoo-type mother, the mother in absentia and the willow mother. The type of the Polish Mother (an ideal of patriotic motherhood, Polish: Matka Polka, the Polish Mother was the secular equivalent of the Holy Mother) is epitomized in Maria Kirłowa, earnestly and wisely devoted to her children. She runs and manages the household single-handedly, is a guardian of the home, and all alone raises her children and prepares them to live in the society of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Another mother, Andrzejowa Korczyńska, a proud Polish patriot, makes a rather monumental figure. Living a life full of ideals and rich promises, this widow seems to provide a model of proper motherhood to be followed, but, being alienated in thefamily and her social environment, is eventually a failure and she fails in life. Her son takes advantage of her, knowing that she is ready to do everything for him no matter what happens, like a cat-mother. The mother-cuckoo is represented by Starzyńska, who chooses her personal interests over the importance of family and her children, Janek and Antolka, and lets somebody else raise them. The reason behind her behavior is the need for remarrying, apparently stronger than her maternal feelings. The mother in absentia, i.e. one that is virtually non-existent in the process of the education and development of her children, is self-concentrated and self-obsessed Emilia. In this particular case, the role of Witold and Leonia’s mother is taken over by Marta, who – like a willow-mother – raises them, feeds them, educates, consoles and pampers them, not forgetting, however, about being a demanding and controlling guardian. Most of all, however, she is always there and is always ready to assist them. The novel, set in the complicated reality of the challenging second half of the nineteenth century, is a moving reminder how restrictive women’s standing was and how this situation influenced the woman’s family duties as well. These responsibilities were viewed and executed by contemporary mothers differently and had a different meaning for them, which is very eloquently presented in Eliza Orzeszkowa’s realistic novel

Modulation of rosR Expression and Exopolysaccharide Production in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii by Phosphate and Clover Root Exudates

The acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) secreted in large amounts by the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is required for the establishment of an effective symbiosis with the host plant Trifolium spp. EPS biosynthesis in rhizobia is a very complex process regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and influenced by various nutritional and environmental conditions. The R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii rosR gene encodes a transcriptional regulator with a C2H2 type zinc-finger motif involved in positive regulation of EPS synthesis. In silico sequence analysis of the 450-bp long rosR upstream region revealed the presence of several inverted repeats (IR1 to IR6) and motifs with significant identity to consensus sequences recognized by PhoB and LysR-type proteins associated with phosphate- and flavonoid-dependent gene regulation in R. leguminosarum. Using a set of sequentially truncated rosR-lacZ transcriptional fusions, the role of the individual motifs and the effect of phosphate and clover root exudates on rosR expression were established. In addition, the significance of IR4 inverted repeats in the repression, and P2–10 hexamer in the activation of rosR transcription, respectively, was found. The expression of rosR increased in the presence of phosphate (0.1–20 mM) and clover root exudates (10 μM). PHO boxes and the LysR motif located upstream of the rosR translation start site were engaged in the regulation of rosR transcription. The synthesis of EPS and biofilm formation decreased at high phosphate concentrations, but increased in the presence of clover root exudates, indicating a complex regulation of these processes

Research Notes : Poland : Analysis of variation and relationship between soybean traits in F3 and F4 in two cross combinations

Qualities and traits of soybean are reported to produce a considerable variation under conditions of long-day environment (Jaranowski et al., 1980, 1983). An outline of genetic bases for soybean breeding in a latitude above 50°N calls for establishing the least environment-modified traits and relationships. Materials and methods: This study carries a presentation of relationships and heritability of traits in early hybrid generations (F3-F4) from two cross combinations, i.e., a medium-early semi-determinate line (PI 238920) and a somewhat later maturity semi-determinate line (PI 180517) --cross combination A , in addition to a Japanese cultivar Oyachi No. 2, classified in our conditions to late semi-determinate lines --cross combination B

Research Notes : Osmia rufa L. (Apoidea, Megalichiae) -A potential pollenator in the subgenus Glycine

Studies on the biology of flowering of wild forms of the subgenus Glycine conducted in a controlled environment demonstrated a conspicuous drop-off of chasmogamic flowers within racemes (Skorupska et al., in press). For pollination, a small-sized insect was employed, viz., a wild bee Osmia rufa L. (0. bicornis L.). The selected wild bee of the family Mechali-chidae is described as the garden mason bee (W6jtowski, 1979)

Research Notes : United States : A new mutation at the ms1 locus

Five different populations have been recognized as sources of ms1 alleles. Genetic studies of male-sterile, female-fertile mutations conducted by Palmer et al. (1978) showed that ms1-North Carolina (T260), ms1-Urbana (T266), ms1-Tonica (T267), and ms1-Ames (T268) are independent mutations at the ms1 locus. Yee and Jian (1983) reported another mutation at the ms1 locus, designated Shennong Male-Sterile Soybean L-78-387

Research notes: Soybean research and breeding in Poland

Soybean has been subjected to research and breeding in Poland for dozens of years . Despite development of native varieties, soybean has not yet been cultivated on a large scale. The evergrowing demand for commercial protein intensified interest in this plant