Double standards in healthcare innovations: the case of mosquito net mesh for hernia repair

With over two decades of evidence available including from randomised clinical trials, we explore whether the use of low-cost mosquito net mesh for inguinal hernia repair, common practice only in low-income and middle-income countries, represents a double standard in surgical care. We explore the clinical evidence, biomechanical properties and sterilisation requirements for mosquito net mesh for hernia repair and discuss the rationale for its use routinely in all settings, including in high-income settings. Considering that mosquito net mesh is as effective and safe as commercial mesh, and also with features that more closely resemble normal abdominal wall tissue, there is a strong case for its use in all settings, not just low-income and middle-income countries. In the healthcare sector specifically, either innovations should be acceptable for all contexts, or none at all. If such a double standard exists and worse, persists, it raises serious questions about the ethics of promoting healthcare innovations in some but not all contexts in terms of risks to health outcomes, equitable access, and barriers to learning

Scanning Electron Microscope Evaluation of Drilling Damage and Acid Treatment using Uncoated Core

A novel SEM technique allows the observation of the same pore on a core face after each step in a series of dynamic flow tests. It requires no conductive coating and facilitates core flow using a one inch (25.4 mm) diameter plug. Three separate studies were undertaken in which the procedure was used to observe the effects of drilling mud invasion, waterflooding, and matrix acidization on individual grains and pores. In the drilling mud study it was found that 2% HF removed most of the siderite weighted mud, but that mud residue and etching of the framework grains resulted in a lowered overall permeability. When seawater replaced formation water during the laboratory waterflood, there was an increase in permeability due to ionic stabilization of clays and the washing out of other loose fines. In the matrix acidization study. 10% HCI created wormholes in a fractured dolomite at elevated temperature and pressure

SOM Loss and Soil Quality in the Clear Creek, IA

The Clear Creek, IA Experimental Watershed (CCEW), which drains to the Iowa River, experiences severe surface erosion due to a combination of high slopes, erodible soils, and extensive agriculture. Concurrent with soil loss is the removal of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). High values of SOM have been related to soil quality; therefore, excessive SOM loss corresponds to degrading soil health. Soil quality assessments are important tools for evaluating management practices in agricultural systems; however, it is difficult to measure soil quality directly at the watershed scale because it varies with a number of site-specific soil characteristics. The coupling of soil surveys with GIS and Non-Point Source computer simulation models will effectively forecast the impacts of ever-changing management practices on soil quality at the watershed scale in less time. NPS models can be extended to evaluate the movement of additional particle-bound constituents like SOM, by incorporating erosion rates and enrichment ratios. The ANNualized AGricultural Non-Point Source pollution modeling system (AnnAGNPS) was used to evaluate upland erosion, enrichment ratios, and SOM loss at the watershed scale in the headwaters of the CCEW using current crop rotations. Gross erosion rates averaged 7.73 MT/ha/yr for individual cells within the watershed. In addition, enrichment ratios, which were determined using gross and net erosion values from AnnAGNPS, were coupled with an organic matter coverage map of the watershed to determine an SOM loss of0.41 MT/ha/yr, which was similar to the loss rates determined by AnnAGNPS (0.29 MT/ ha/yr). To understand the state of soil health in this watershed, the NRCS Soil Conditioning Index (SCI) was determined for the watershed. The average SCI for the watershed was 0.38, which suggests improving soil health conditions. This improvement is most probably due to conservation practices like reduced tillage

Neutron Imaging Camera

The Neutron Imaging Camera (NIC) is based on the Three-dimensional Track Imager (3DTI) technology developed at GSFC for gamma-ray astrophysics applications. The 3-DTI, a large volume time-projection chamber, provides accurate, approximately 0.4 mm resolution, 3-D tracking of charged particles. The incident direction of fast neutrons, En > 0.5 MeV, are reconstructed from the momenta and energies of the proton and triton fragments resulting from (sup 3)He(n,p) (sup 3)H interactions in the 3-DTI volume. The performance of the NIC from laboratory and accelerator tests is presented

Gamma-Ray Imaging for Explosives Detection

We describe a gamma-ray imaging camera (GIC) for active interrogation of explosives being developed by NASA/GSFC and NSWCICarderock. The GIC is based on the Three-dimensional Track Imager (3-DTI) technology developed at GSFC for gamma-ray astrophysics. The 3-DTI, a large volume time-projection chamber, provides accurate, approx.0.4 mm resolution, 3-D tracking of charged particles. The incident direction of gamma rays, E, > 6 MeV, are reconstructed from the momenta and energies of the electron-positron pair resulting from interactions in the 3-DTI volume. The optimization of the 3-DTI technology for this specific application and the performance of the GIC from laboratory tests is presented

Elektrotechnika Teoretyczna. Analiza układów nieliniowych

Układy z elementami rezystancyjnymi, łukiem, elektrycznym, dławik, obwody magnetyczne, ferrorezonans, transformator nieliniowy, obwody nieliniowe indukcyjno pojemnościowe, układy samowzbudne

Układy kondensatorowe - zadania

Zadania - układy kondensatorowe, teoria pola, Podstawy Elektrotechniki

Układy kondensatorowe - zadania

Zadania - układy kondensatorowe, teoria pola, Podstawy Elektrotechniki

Elektrostatyka - zadania

Lista zadań z elektrostatyki, Podstawy Elektrotechniki