Binge Drinking: Subtypes and Associations in Young Adults

Binge drinking has been common practice and a rite of passage for many young adults in the college population. The practice of binge drinking has continued even as binging is associated with several cognitive deficits. One unanswered question still remains: namely, at what levels of binge drinking do these cognitive deficits associate? To investigate this question, three different groups of binge drinkers (low, moderate, and heavy) were compared on two measures of cognition: intelligence (IQ) and executive working memory (EWM) capacity. The binge groups were also compared to non-bingers and abstainers to further investigate how they differed in EWM capacity and IQ. Lastly, correlations were made between binge density and the cognitive measures. Based on the previous literature, the following hypotheses were made: (1) low, moderate, and heavy binge clusters would emerge from the cluster analyses, (2) the heavy and moderate cluster would exhibit decreased performance in the two cognitive domains in comparison to the low cluster, (3) the binge density measure would be negatively correlated with the cognitive measures, and (4) the low, moderate, and heavy clusters would exhibit lower EWM capacity and IQ scores in comparison with non-bingers and abstainers. Some of the obtained data support that different binge subtypes are indeed differentially associated with both EWM capacity and IQ in young adults who binge. However, the mixed findings illustrate that additional longitudinal research is merited

Establishing a Legitimate Expectation of Privacy in Clickstream Data

This Article argues that Web users should enjoy a legitimate expectation of privacy in clickstream data. Fourth Amendment jurisprudence as developed over the last half-century does not support an expectation of privacy. However, reference to the history of the Fourth Amendment and the intent of its drafters reveals that government investigation and monitoring of clickstream data is precisely the type of activity the Framers sought to limit. Courts must update outdated methods of expectation of privacy analysis to address the unique challenges posed by the Internet in order to fulfill the Amendment\u27s purpose. Part I provides an overview of the Internet and cickstream data collection, and explains the value of this data to law enforcement. Part II discusses general Fourth Amendment principles, then explores how these principles have been, and are likely to be, applied to the Internet. Part III explores the intent of the Fourth Amendment\u27s drafters, analogizes clickstream searches to the general searches the Framers sought to prohibit, and argues that the values underlying the Fourth Amendment require courts to eschew the traditional two-prong expectation of privacy test in favor of a normative inquiry which recognizes a legitimate expectation of privacy in clickstream data

Establishing a Legitimate Expectation of Privacy in Clickstream Data

This Article argues that Web users should enjoy a legitimate expectation of privacy in clickstream data. Fourth Amendment jurisprudence as developed over the last half-century does not support an expectation of privacy. However, reference to the history of the Fourth Amendment and the intent of its drafters reveals that government investigation and monitoring of clickstream data is precisely the type of activity the Framers sought to limit. Courts must update outdated methods of expectation of privacy analysis to address the unique challenges posed by the Internet in order to fulfill the Amendment\u27s purpose. Part I provides an overview of the Internet and cickstream data collection, and explains the value of this data to law enforcement. Part II discusses general Fourth Amendment principles, then explores how these principles have been, and are likely to be, applied to the Internet. Part III explores the intent of the Fourth Amendment\u27s drafters, analogizes clickstream searches to the general searches the Framers sought to prohibit, and argues that the values underlying the Fourth Amendment require courts to eschew the traditional two-prong expectation of privacy test in favor of a normative inquiry which recognizes a legitimate expectation of privacy in clickstream data

Knowledge and skills that are needed to maintain life-long activities of modern society

The research question to which we seek an answer in this paper, refers to the knowledge and skills that training of relevant professionals should provide in order to help the population of modern society to remain in good intellectual and physical condition. Today‘s society is aging, social policies of many countries strive to exceed the working-age of the population. Therefore, it is important to keep people in good intellectual and physical condition. In society there is a need for training of competent trainers and organizers for getting this kind of condition for life. In Slovenia, several companies and institutions deal with the implementation of activities for active leisure time in various forms and levels of professional approach, so it is possible to conclude that the labor market of the future will need experts with relevant formal knowledge, especially if this knowledge is supported by knowledge of entrepreneurship. Like here in Slovenia, such formal programs to train experts for the trainers of an active society with the intertwined knowledge of some basic economics and business studies, entrepreneurship and the use of advanced skills, for example, kinesiology don‘t yet exist abroad. The listed skills are dispersed in a wide variety of study programs of various schools in the field of sports medicine, gerontology, etc., in individual courses. Graduates are given only partial knowledge of certain content, for example, on a healthy diet, coaching in sport and recreational sport, organizing events, animation of guests, etc... In the transparent study of training providers for an active life and existing formal training programs in Slovenia and abroad, we found that in the field of training for intellectual and physical condition of people, the need to raise awareness in society and the need for training of relevant professionals, especially those who would combine its mission with an entrepreneurial opportunity, did occur. Educational programs that would co-create a better quality of life and work in the local and wider environment and significantly contribute to the overall social development with its innovative program design and a clear strategy, could fill the gap on what the existing market of entrepreneurship education has to offer. This would be an important contribution to the economic, social and cultural development of society

Wpływ wojen na rzymskie ustawodawstwo odnośnie do vicesima heredistatis i caducum

The article refers to matters related to vicesima hereditatis and caducum, by means of which a Roman legislator sought financial resources for waging wars. The territorial expansion of Rome, the wars waged, and, in particular, the need to raise funds for their financing affected not only the norms of public law but also individual regulations of Roman private law, including those considering both tax and inheritance law.W artykule odniesiono się do zagadnień związanych z vicesima heredistatis i caducum, za pomocą których rzymski prawodawca szukał środków finansowych na prowadzenie wojen. Ekspansja terytorialna Rzymu, prowadzone wojny, a zwłaszcza potrzeba gromadzenia funduszy na ich finansowanie wpływały nie tylko na normy prawa publicznego, lecz także na poszczególne unormowania rzymskiego prawa prywatnego, w tym na te z pogranicza prawa podatkowego i spadkowego

Evaluation Of Collapse Indicators For Seismically Vulnerable Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Older reinforced concrete buildings can be prone to column shear and compression failures during earthquakes because of inadequate transverse reinforcement. Cities in seismic areas still have large inventories of older and potentially deficient buildings. To analyze every building and estimate its vulnerability in detail is costly. A simple method to rank quickly older buildings according to their seismic vulnerability is needed to help engineers prioritize the use of resources for rehabilitating the most vulnerable buildings. Four indicators of building damage or collapse were evaluated using numerical analysis and prior data from building surveys: column index (Hassan & Sozen, 1997), R factor, ratio of column shear capacity to plastic shear demand, and ratio of column moment capacity to beam moment capacity. Idealized building frames were studied using nonlinear numerical analysis. Numerical models of these building frames with different spans, column sizes, numbers of floors, and transverse reinforcement ratios were analyzed with 44 ground motion records. Each numerical analysis used an algorithm to estimate whether a hypothetical building represented by a numerical model was likely to be severely damaged by strong ground motion. Among the four indicators studied, the column index was observed to be 1) the simplest and 2) the one with the best correlation with estimates of vulnerability to damage. Approximately 3/5 of the hypothetical building frames represented by numerical models with column indices not exceeding 0.2% were classified as buildings likely to be severely damaged by strong ground motion. Buildings with column indices not exceeding 0.2% were 2 to 4 times more likely to be classified as having severe damage than those with column indices exceeding 0.2% for ground motions with PGVs between 40 cm/s and 120 cm/s. The prior building surveys supported these observations

Multi-locus genetic risk score predicts risk for Crohn's disease in Slovenian population

AIM: To develop a risk model for Crohn's disease (CD) based on homogeneous population.METHODS: In our study were included 160 CD patients and 209 healthy individuals from Slovenia. The association study was performed for 112 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We generated genetic risk scores (GRS) based on the number of risk alleles using weighted additive model. Discriminatory accuracy was measured by area under ROC curve (AUC). For risk evaluation, we divided individuals according to positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) of a test, with LR &gt; 5 for high risk group and LR &lt;0.20 for low risk group.RESULTS: The highest accuracy, AUC of 0.78 was achieved with GRS combining 33 SNPs with optimal sensitivity and specificity of 75.0% and 72.7%, respectively. Individuals with the highest risk (GRS &gt; 5.54) showed significantly increased odds of developing CD (OR = 26.65, 95% CI: 11.25-63.15) compared to the individuals with the lowest risk (GRS &lt;4.57) which is a considerably greater risk captured than in one SNP with the highest effect size (OR = 3.24). When more than 33 SNPs were included in GRS, discriminatory ability was not improved significantly; AUC of all 74 SNPs was 0.76.CONCLUSION: The authors proved the possibility of building accurate genetic risk score based on 33 risk variants on Slovenian CD patients which may serve as a screening tool in the targeted population.</p