Healthcare Workforce Motivation as Crucial Element of Healthcare Reform Success

Health care reforms are initiated in order to improve the quality of care aiming main objective, healthy population. Regardless goals of healthcare reforms, main actors implementing all activities, are the most important element of human resources, professional workers. Human resources are the most important asset of the healthcare system and their motivation has key importance for sectoral reforms. Human resource motivation is the process that assures utilization of employee’s, hence either healthcare institution or an employee get most high profit. Primary health care reform started in the year 2007 had financial, organizational and juridical dimensions, which couldn’t succeed without the motivation of healthcare personnel in the process. Health Insurance Institute (HII) was found in 1995 as a single purchase in Albania. Active purchasing strategies can drive better quality of care by financial rewarding best practices and improve outcome, and create incentives for providers to be more efficient or more responsive to consumers. This was the key mechanism used by HII in contracting Health Centers (HC) since the beginning of health care reform in primary health care. New financing formula: 85% of fix budget for normal running of HC, 10% of the budget according to the performance of family doctors and 5% of budget based on process indicators in order to measure results of health care in the catchment area of HC. According to Herzberg’s hygiene factors, if you address dissatisfying job factors like work conditions, salary, status, and security you may create peace, but not necessarily enhance performance. HC have the right to distribute financial remuneration twice per year to health staff based on financial results, in order to motivate them to provide better quality service. On the other hand sign of working contract between HC on one side and healthcare employ on the other side, tended to make employees feel more secure in working place. Study “HTA in primary health care” mean to research if motivation factors of primary healthcare reform have been successful.Keywords: healthcare reform, motivation, satisfaction, security

The Influence of Visual Media on the School Performance of Youth in City of Elbasan

Purpose: Finding ways how visual media affect school performance of young people. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted through an anonymous questionnaire to a regional sample of 330 young participants, aged 14 to 18 years old. Exposure included: exposure time behavior for the screen (hour/day per week spent watching television/playing Videogames, internet) and variables for the content of the film (the ratio of the first films that are not allowed under 13 years old (movies PG-13) with those movies that are not allowed under 17 years old (movies-R). Result, by self reporting of youth for the grades taken at school and from their self-assessment of the situation in school. Results: Despite the basic performance of the school, the exposure screen time and media content had negative effects on school change performance. Screening of exposure had an indirect effect on poor performance in school. Watching more movies PG-13 and R had indirect effects on the poor performance in school.Watching R films also had an indirect effect on poor performance in school, through increased behavior problems in school. Results of the exposure time and ultimately the performance of the school were similar to those of the previous determinants including; family income, parental style, and 'self-control of youth'. Conclusions: These aspects of the use of visual media affect negatively at school performance by increasing feelings that may look for substance use and addictive problematic behavior in school.Keywords: Visual media,, school performance, time on screen, Media content

Current knowledge about the connection between health status and gut microbiota from birth to elderly. A narrative review

The human body is colonized from the birth by a large number of microorganisms. This will constitute a real “functional microbial organ” that is fundamental for homeostasis and therefore for health in humans. Those microorganisms. The microbial populations that colonize humans creating a specific ecosystem they have been collectively referred to as “human microbiota” or “human normal microflora”. The microbiota play an important pathophysiological role in the various locations of the human body. This article focuses on one of the most important, that is the enteric microbiota. The composition (quantitative and qualitative) of microbes is analyzed in relation to age and environment during the course of human life. It also highlights eubiosis and dysbiosis as key terms for its role in health and disease. Finally, it analyzes its bi-directional relationship with the microbiota of the lungs, skin and that of the brain, and consequently for the whole central and peripheral nervous system for the maintenance of health in the human body

Philosophy and Hippocratic Ethic in Ancient Greek Society: Evolution of Hospital - Sanctuaries

The aim of this paper is to offer a new perspective of the Hippocratic thought and how it influenced the evolution of the medical art till now, highlighting the ethical aspects and hospital born from ancient temples and sanctuary. Ethics is defined as a set of values, principles, and rules that regulate human behavior and relate to how human actions can significantly affect not only their own lives but also the lives of others. The essence of a culture can be perceived by the philosophy and the means by which is placed against the illness and its treatment. In this sense, the medical anthropology of every age is an indicator of its culture and help us understand its basic dimensions such as life and death

Gingival crevicular blood as a potential screening tool: a cross sectional comparative study.

Background: Diabetes is known to be one of the major global epidemic diseases, significantly associated with mortality and morbidity worldwide, conferring a substantial burden to the health care system. The epidemiological transition of this chronic disease tends to worsen unless preventive health strategies are implemented. Appropriate screening devices and standardized methods are crucial to prevent this potentially inauspicious life condition. Currently, the glucometer is the conventional device employed for blood glucose level determination that outputs the blood glucose reading. Glucometer performed in the dental oce may be an important device in screening diabetes, so it can be addressed during a periodontal examination. Because gingival blood is a useful source to detect the glucose level, the focus is placed on the opportunity that might provide valuable diagnostic information. This study aimed to compare gingival crevicular blood with finger-stick blood glucose measurements using a self-monitoring glucometer, to evaluate whether gingival crevicular blood could be an alternative to allow accurate chairside glucose testing. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was performed among a 31–67-year-old population. Seventy participants with diagnosed type 2 diabetes and seventy healthy subjects, all with positive bleeding on probing, were enrolled. The gingival crevicular blood was collected using a glucometer to estimate the blood glucose level and compared with finger-stick blood glucose level. Results: The mean capillary blood glucose and gingival crevicular blood levels from all samples were, respectively, 160.42 31.31 mg/dL and 161.64 31.56 mg/dL for diabetic participants and 93.51 10.35 mg/dL and 94.47 9.91 mg/dL for healthy patients. In both groups, the dierence between gingival crevicular blood and capillary blood glucose levels was non-significant (P < 0.05). The highly significant correlation between capillary blood glucose and gingival crevicular blood (r = 0.9834 for diabetic patients and r = 0.8153 for healthy participants) in both the groups was found. Conclusions: Gingival crevicular blood test was demonstrated as a feasible and useful primary screening tool test for detecting diabetes and for glucose estimation in non-diabetic patients. Use of gingival crevicular blood for screening is an attractive way of identifying a reasonable option of finger-stick blood glucose measurement under the appropriate circumstances. Rapid assessment may precede diagnostic evaluation in diabetic as well as healthy patients with acute severe bleeding. In addition, gingival crevicular blood levels may be needed to monitor the diabetic output

The Human Respiratory System and its Microbiome at a Glimpse

The recent COVID-19 pandemic promoted efforts to better understand the organizationof the respiratory microbiome and its evolution from birth to adulthood and how it interacts withexternal pathogens and the host immune system. This review aims to deepen understanding of theessential physiological functions of the resident microbiome of the respiratory system on human healthand diseases. First, the general characteristics of the normal microbiota in the different anatomicalsites of the airways have been reported in relation to some factors such as the effect of age, diet andothers on its composition and stability. Second, we analyze in detail the functions and compositionand the correct functionality of the microbiome in the light of current knowledge. Several studiessuggest the importance of preserving the micro-ecosystem of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenicmicrobes of the respiratory system, and, more recently, its relationship with the intestinal microbiome,and how it also leads to the maintenance of human health, has become better understood

Anisakis Allergy: Is Aquacultured Fish a Safe and Alternative Food to Wild-Capture Fisheries for Anisakis simplex-Sensitized Patients?

Background: Anisakis simplex (A. simplex) infection, in humans, causes a series of clinical manifestations affecting the gastro-intestinal tract known as Anisakiasis/Anisakidosis. Patients may also present allergic manifestations such as hives and/or angioedema and even anaphylactic shock. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aquacultured fish could be considered A.simplex-free food and constitute a safe, alternative, wild-capture fish food for Gastro-Allergic Anisakiasis (GAA)-sensitized subjects. Methods: Protein extracts from A. simplex larvae in the third stage (L3) and from edible part of heavily infected horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and aquacultured sea bream, have been tested for A. simplex allergens presence by immunological analysis. Western blot analysis using, as source of specific Anisakis allergens antibodies, serum samples from subjects referring allergic symptoms after raw fish ingestion, was performed. These subjects showed high levels of specific IgE anti A.simplex allergens determined by clinical laboratory tests (ISAC test). Results: Our data demonstrate the presence of Ani s4 allergen in both infected and aquacultured fish extracts, providing a possible interpretation for the allergic manifestations reported by subjects, already sensitized to A. simplex, who ate frozen or well-cooked or, even, aquacultured fish. Conclusions: The present data stimulate more accurate prophylaxis suggestions for Anisakis allergy and more specific controls of fishmeal used in aquaculture

Focus on HPV Infection and the Molecular Mechanisms of Oral Carcinogenesis

This study is focused on the epidemiological characteristics and biomolecular mechanisms that lead to the development of precancerous and cancerous conditions of oral lesions related to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. Current evidence from the literature demonstrates the role of HPV in potentially malignant oral disorders. Therefore, the underlying biomolecular processes can give arise, or contribute to, benign lesions as well as to oral carcinogenesis