Intelligence and civilization

Iako je inteligenciju teško definirati i njezino nam je podrijetlo uvelike nepoznato, postoje istraživanja koja inteligenciju povezuju s razvijenom korom i prefrontalnoim korteksom velikog mozga, veličinom mozga, stupnjem encefalizacije, brojem te povezanošću i provodljivosti neurona. Posljedica razvoja mozga i povećanja inteligencije je, također, i veća stopa društvenog ponašanja tj. socijalizacije kod primata koja za izravnu posljedicu ima stvaranje kompleksnijih zajednica. Pojam civilizacije u širem smislu istoznačan je pojmu kulture, a možemo ga definirati kao izraz reflektivnog psihizma, samosvijesti koju čovjek posjeduje te kao izraz apstraktne inteligencije. Ovim seminarskim radom opisana je korelacija između razvoja mozga pripadnika roda Homo, te inteligencije kao direktne posljedice, i povećanja stupnja civilizacije kod pripadajućih vrsta. S progresivnim razvitkom roda Homo primjećuje se usklađen napredak u stupnju civilizacije i inteligencije, koji se može pratiti usporedbom odljeva lubanja vrsta roda Homo, njihova oruđa, načina života, umjetnosti i sposobnosti organizacije. Iako nije u potpunosti otkriven točan način na koji razvoj mozga utječe na razvoj civilizacije, jasno je da povezanost postoji.Although intelligence is very difficult to define and it's origins are greatly unknown, there are researches that link intelligence to a developed cerebral and prefrontal cortex of the brain, brain size, degree of encephalization, number, connectivity and conductivity of neurons. The effect of brain development and the increase of intelligence is, also, the increased social behavour, that is, the socialization in primates whose direct consequence is the formation of more complex communities. The concept of civilization is in broader meaning synonymous to the concept of culture and it can be defined as an expression of a spiritual life, self-consciousness which Man posesses and an expression of apstract intelligence. This seminar describes the correlation between brain development of the genus Homo, and intelligence as it's direct consequence, and the increase of the level of civilization of the respective species. With the progressive development of the genus Homo, we notice the harmonized development in the stages of civilization and intelligence, which can be monitored by comparing the casts of skulls of the genus Homo, their tools, lifestyle, art and skills of the organization. Although we haven't fully revealed the exact way in which brain development affects the development of civilization, it is clear that the association exists

Intelligence and civilization

Iako je inteligenciju teško definirati i njezino nam je podrijetlo uvelike nepoznato, postoje istraživanja koja inteligenciju povezuju s razvijenom korom i prefrontalnoim korteksom velikog mozga, veličinom mozga, stupnjem encefalizacije, brojem te povezanošću i provodljivosti neurona. Posljedica razvoja mozga i povećanja inteligencije je, također, i veća stopa društvenog ponašanja tj. socijalizacije kod primata koja za izravnu posljedicu ima stvaranje kompleksnijih zajednica. Pojam civilizacije u širem smislu istoznačan je pojmu kulture, a možemo ga definirati kao izraz reflektivnog psihizma, samosvijesti koju čovjek posjeduje te kao izraz apstraktne inteligencije. Ovim seminarskim radom opisana je korelacija između razvoja mozga pripadnika roda Homo, te inteligencije kao direktne posljedice, i povećanja stupnja civilizacije kod pripadajućih vrsta. S progresivnim razvitkom roda Homo primjećuje se usklađen napredak u stupnju civilizacije i inteligencije, koji se može pratiti usporedbom odljeva lubanja vrsta roda Homo, njihova oruđa, načina života, umjetnosti i sposobnosti organizacije. Iako nije u potpunosti otkriven točan način na koji razvoj mozga utječe na razvoj civilizacije, jasno je da povezanost postoji.Although intelligence is very difficult to define and it's origins are greatly unknown, there are researches that link intelligence to a developed cerebral and prefrontal cortex of the brain, brain size, degree of encephalization, number, connectivity and conductivity of neurons. The effect of brain development and the increase of intelligence is, also, the increased social behavour, that is, the socialization in primates whose direct consequence is the formation of more complex communities. The concept of civilization is in broader meaning synonymous to the concept of culture and it can be defined as an expression of a spiritual life, self-consciousness which Man posesses and an expression of apstract intelligence. This seminar describes the correlation between brain development of the genus Homo, and intelligence as it's direct consequence, and the increase of the level of civilization of the respective species. With the progressive development of the genus Homo, we notice the harmonized development in the stages of civilization and intelligence, which can be monitored by comparing the casts of skulls of the genus Homo, their tools, lifestyle, art and skills of the organization. Although we haven't fully revealed the exact way in which brain development affects the development of civilization, it is clear that the association exists

Intelligence and civilization

Iako je inteligenciju teško definirati i njezino nam je podrijetlo uvelike nepoznato, postoje istraživanja koja inteligenciju povezuju s razvijenom korom i prefrontalnoim korteksom velikog mozga, veličinom mozga, stupnjem encefalizacije, brojem te povezanošću i provodljivosti neurona. Posljedica razvoja mozga i povećanja inteligencije je, također, i veća stopa društvenog ponašanja tj. socijalizacije kod primata koja za izravnu posljedicu ima stvaranje kompleksnijih zajednica. Pojam civilizacije u širem smislu istoznačan je pojmu kulture, a možemo ga definirati kao izraz reflektivnog psihizma, samosvijesti koju čovjek posjeduje te kao izraz apstraktne inteligencije. Ovim seminarskim radom opisana je korelacija između razvoja mozga pripadnika roda Homo, te inteligencije kao direktne posljedice, i povećanja stupnja civilizacije kod pripadajućih vrsta. S progresivnim razvitkom roda Homo primjećuje se usklađen napredak u stupnju civilizacije i inteligencije, koji se može pratiti usporedbom odljeva lubanja vrsta roda Homo, njihova oruđa, načina života, umjetnosti i sposobnosti organizacije. Iako nije u potpunosti otkriven točan način na koji razvoj mozga utječe na razvoj civilizacije, jasno je da povezanost postoji.Although intelligence is very difficult to define and it's origins are greatly unknown, there are researches that link intelligence to a developed cerebral and prefrontal cortex of the brain, brain size, degree of encephalization, number, connectivity and conductivity of neurons. The effect of brain development and the increase of intelligence is, also, the increased social behavour, that is, the socialization in primates whose direct consequence is the formation of more complex communities. The concept of civilization is in broader meaning synonymous to the concept of culture and it can be defined as an expression of a spiritual life, self-consciousness which Man posesses and an expression of apstract intelligence. This seminar describes the correlation between brain development of the genus Homo, and intelligence as it's direct consequence, and the increase of the level of civilization of the respective species. With the progressive development of the genus Homo, we notice the harmonized development in the stages of civilization and intelligence, which can be monitored by comparing the casts of skulls of the genus Homo, their tools, lifestyle, art and skills of the organization. Although we haven't fully revealed the exact way in which brain development affects the development of civilization, it is clear that the association exists

Do or Die: HPV E5, E6 and E7 in Cell Death Evasion

Abstract: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the dividing cells of human epithelia and hijack the cellular replication machinery to ensure their own propagation. In the effort to adapt the cell to suit their own reproductive needs, the virus changes a number of processes, amongst which is the ability of the cell to undergo programmed cell death. Viral infections, forced cell divisions and mutations, which accumulate as a result of uncontrolled proliferation, all trigger one of several cell death pathways. Here, we examine the mechanisms employed by HPVs to ensure the survival of infected cells manipulated into cell cycle progression and proliferation

Notch pathway connections in primary leukaemia samples of limited size

Background: The Notch pathway combined with other signalling molecules acts specifically for the development of each blood cell type and differentiation stage. A causative role of Notch dysfunction in leukaemia development has been found in many studies so, initially only for T- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) but more recently also for B cell and myeloid leukaemia. The aim of our study is to introduce a method for multiple direct analysis of the Notch pathway partners in a population of only 500 or fewer cells. The notion of this method consists in gaining insight into gene expression at the level of the malignant clone population. A small number of cells is a significant limitation when working on primary cells either when freshly isolated or when analysed after several days in cocultures. Methods: The primers were designed to avoid genomic amplification through the selection of 3′ and 5′ primers that hybridise with different exons. Cell lines and primary cells were collected and multiplex quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) performed on a descending number of cells, ranging from 2, 500 cells up to 50 cells per sample, for the Notch pathway genes and other transcription factors important for cell differentiation. ImageJ program, STATISTICA 13.1 software package and Student’s t-test were used for statistical evaluation. We checked protein expression by western blot. Results: We characterised the gene expression levels of Notch, Ikaros and Parp genes in leukaemia cell lines of B and T origin and in primary leukaemia samples of limited size. We further compared our results to the cDNA analysis obtained by total RNA isolation from a large number of cells as routinely performed in clinical laboratories, and finally tested the method described on primary cells from leukaemia patients. Conclusions: This rapid multiple gene expression analysis of a small population of cells provides efficient cell classification determining malignant changes as an important additional information for clinical leukaemia diagnostics as well as for in vitro studies of primary cells

Human Papillomaviruses-Associated Cancers: An Update of Current Knowledge

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are small, double-stranded, circular DNA viruses infecting human epithelial cells, are associated with various benign and malignant lesions of mucosa and skin. Intensive research on the oncogenic potential of HPVs started in the 1970s and spread across Europe, including Croatia, and worldwide. Nowadays, the causative role of a subset of oncogenic or high-risk (HR) HPV types, led by HPV-16 and HPV-18, of different anogenital and head and neck cancers is well accepted. Two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, are directly involved in the development of HPV-related malignancies by targeting synergistically various cellular pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell polarity control networks as well as host immune response. This review is aimed at describing the key elements in HPV-related carcinogenesis and the advances in cancer prevention with reference to past and ongoing research in Croati

Activated cell death signaling pathways of mouse embrionic fibroblasts after UVB irradiation

UVB zračenje može inducirati staničnu smrt putem izazivanja oštećenja DNA, direktno aktivirajući površinske receptore na stanici te putem formacije reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta. Fasu pridruženi protein s domenom smrti ključni je adapterski protein koji sudjeluje u nizu signalnih procesa u stanici, uključujući i vanjski signalni put apoptoze i signalni put nekroptoze. U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj FADD proteina na odabir signalnog puta stanične smrti koja nastupa uslijed UVB zračenja s 300J/m2. Stanice divljeg tipa te stanice kojima nedostaje FADD protein su 24 sata prije zračenja tretirane pankaspaznim inhibitorom zVAD-fmk, koji inhibira proces apoptoze, inhibitorom kinaze RIP1 necrostatinom-1, koji inhibira proces nekroptoze, te s oba tretmana istovremeno. Protočnom citometrijom utvrđene su populacije živih stanica, stanica u ranoj apoptozi te stanica u kasnoj apoptozi/nekrozi. Elektoforezom DNA detektirana je apoptoza. Aktivnosti kaspaza-3, -8 i -9 detektirane su korištenjem kolorimetrijskih supstrata.Western imunodetekcijom proteina detektirani su proteini PARP-1, PARP-2 i protein p53 fosforiliran na serinu15. Lančanom reakcijom polimeraze u stvarnom vremenu utvrđena je aktivnost gena bax i bcl-2. Rezultati pokazuju kako mišji embrionalni fibroblasti divljeg tipa uslijed zračenja umiru vanjskim i unutarnjim putem apoptoze i nekroptozom. Moguća je i prisutnost alternativnog puta stanične smrti koji nastupa prilikom inhibicije nekroptoze. FADD-/- mišji embrionalni fibroblasti pokazuju smanjeno preživljenje uslijed zračenja. Rezultati dobiveni za ovaj tip stanica ukazuju na prisutnost oba tipa apoptoze i nekroptoze, no ne kao dominantnih tipova stanične smrti.Fas-associated death domain protein is a key adaptor protein which takes part in a series of signaling pathways within a cell, including the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways and the pathway of necroptosis. UVB irradiation can induce cell death through DNA damage, by directly activating cell surface receptors and through formation of reactive oxigen species. This paper examined the effect of FADD protein in the cell death responce after 300 J/m2 UVB irradiation. Wild type cells and cells lacking the FADD protein were treated with a pancaspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, which inhibits apoptosis, a RIP1 kinase inhibitor necrostatin-1, which inhibits necroptosis and with both of the treatments simultaneously. Populations of living cells, of early apoptotic cells and of cells in late aapoptosis/necrosis were detected with flow cytometry. Apoptosis was detected with DNA electrophoresis. The activity of caspases-3, -8 and -9 was examined using colorimetric supstrates. Western blot immunodetection was used to detect PARP-1, PARP-2 and serine 15 phosphorilated p53 proteins. Polymerase chain reaction in real time was used to examine the activity of BAX and BCL-2 genes. The results show that mouse embryonic fibroblasts die after irradiation through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and through the pathway of necroptosis. There is a possibility that an alternative cell death pathway is activated after the inhibition of necroptosis. FADD-/- knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts show decreased survival after irradiation. The results for this type of cells show the presence of apoptosis and necroptosis, but not as dominant cell death pathways