Analyzing the Impact of Genetic Parameters on Gene Grouping Genetic Algorithm and Clustering Genetic Algorithm

Genetic Algorithms are stochastic randomized procedures used to solve search and optimization problems. Many multi-population and multi-objective Genetic Algorithms are introduced by researchers to achieve improved performance. Gene Grouping Genetic Algorithm (GGGA) and Clustering Genetic Algorithm (CGA) are of such kinds which are proved to perform better than Standard Genetic Algorithm (SGA). This paper compares the performance of both these algorithms by varying the genetic parameters. The results show that GGGA provides good solutions, even to large-sized problems in reasonable computation time compared to CGA and SGA. Keywords: Stochastic, randomized, multi-population, Gene Grouping Genetic Algorithm, Clustering Genetic Algorithm

Usage of lipid-lowering drugs such as atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in the management of hyperlipidemia in multiple vessel wall block patients

Background: Multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) is a disease stage in which at least two or three of the epicardial coronary arteries is involved with atherosclerosis of significant severity. The multi-vessel disease is often associated with a higher burden of comorbidities, left ventricular dysfunction, and cardiovascular risk. Dyslipidaemia is the commonest cause of the blood vessel diseases and their incidence has been rising all over the world thereby increasing the morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Dyslipidaemia is also one of the component of metabolic syndrome along with another group of cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure (BP), abdominal obesity, and insulin intolerance, whose concurrent appearance increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. To compare the efficacy of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in the management of hyperlipidaemia. To compare the dose-related efficacy of statins on lipid goal achievement in patients with hyperlipidaemia.Methods: This prospective, randomized, single-blinded interventional study was conducted for a period of 1 year [2014-1015] in medicine OPD in Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital. A total number of 100 patients with diagnosed multiple vessel blocks were included in this study. Among them, 50 patients were randomized to group A. 50 patients were selected to group B. 50 patients of the group A are treated with Atorvastatin up 10 mg once daily for 8 weeks. 50 patients of group B were treated with Rosuvastatin up to 10mg/day. For 8 weeks the results were analysed accordingly.Results: Even though both rosuvastatin 10mg/day and atorvastatin 10mg/day produced a reduction in total cholesterol (p<0.001) significantly, rosuvastatin produced a reduction in LDL levels (p<0.001) more significantly than atorvastatin 10mg/day.Conclusions: Rosuvastatin produces a greater reduction in serum LDL-C levels and should, therefore, be preferred over atorvastatin. Both the treatment regimens significantly decreased TC, TG, LDL C, VLDL C, but the reduction was more and statistically significant in Rosuvastatin when compared with atorvastatin-treated group at the end of 8 weeks

Diclofenac-induced biochemical changes in nephrotoxicity among male Albino rats

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with adverse renal effects caused by the reduction in synthesis of renal prostaglandins in sensitive persons or animal species, and potentially during long-term use in non-sensitive persons if resistance to side effects decreases with age. The effects of diclofenac sodium on the kidneys were studied during 4 1/2 hours in eight patients with normal renal function. Urinary output decreased within 10 min after the injection, and maximally by 80%. The renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate initially diminished significantly, by 35%, but began to increase after only 2 hours. The dominant and persistent effect was a reduction of free water clearance, with maximum fall from 5.9 to 0.08ml/min after 2 1/2 hours. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diclofenac-induced acute nephrotoxicity using biochemical parameters in rats.Methods: 12 male Wistar rats allotted in 4 equal groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0, 10, 50 and 100mg/kg diclofenac, respectively and 12 hours after injection, blood serum samples were collected for assessment of basic renal function test parameters such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid, sodium, Potassium.Results: Rats treated up to 50mg/kg diclofenac were considered to be within normal range in rats. By increase in dose more than 50mg/kg showed significant increases in uremia were evidenced in intoxicated animals. Observed specifically in group IV Rats.Conclusions: In this study, uremia, as an indicator of kidney damage, was significantly increased depending on dose. Diclofenac may cause kidney damage depending on dose and this effect may also be observed. NSAIDs-induced nephrotoxicity may be due to the inhibitory effect of these drugs on prostaglandin synthesis, thus causing kidney ischemia

Modulus and stiffness of laterally loaded single free headed pile in stratified soil

Laterally loaded piles gained its attention when structures like transform towers, offshore structures etc., met huge horizontal loads. Initially, to study the behaviour of laterally loaded piles, homogeneous soil is assumed; whereas in reality the soil stratum would be stratified/ multi-layer soil with various consistency and relative density. Considering this real field situation, an 1g experimental investigation is carried out on a single pile embedded in layered soil by varying the number of layers with respect to the length of the pile. With a sand layer on top and in-between, it increases the lateral capacity of the pile. The main soil-structure interaction parameters are modulus and stiffness factor, the modulus of the homogenous sand layer is very high when compared to the clay layer sandwiched between the sand layer

MHD Mixed Convective Flow of Viscoelastic and Viscous Fluids in a Vertical Porous Channel

In this paper, we analyze the problem of steady, mixed convective, laminar flow of two incompressible, electrically conducting and heat absorbing immiscible fluids in a vertical porous channel filled with viscoelastic fluid in one region and viscous fluid in the other region. A uniform magnetic field is applied in the transverse direction, the fluids rise in the channel driven by thermal buoyancy forces associated with thermal radiation. The equations are modeled using the fully developed flow conditions. An exact solution is obtained for the velocity, temperature, skin friction and Nusselt number distributions. The physical interpretation to these expressions is examined through graphs and table for the shear stress and rate of heat transfer coefficients at the channel walls

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF AZITHROMYCIN AND AMOXICILLIN IN TREATING CHILDREN WITH LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

Objectives: Lower respiratory infections are common among school going children. Frequent infections are troublesome children and to their parents and may lead to respiratory complication such as Chronic Bronchitis, bronchiolitis and bronchial asthma. Frequent dropouts in schools and may affect the studies of the children. So there is a need of an effective and safe drug for the infection. Methods: The study was with 40 patients of the age group between 1 to 12 years, who were diagnosed with the lower respiratory infection. The patients were divided in to two groups. Group A Amoxicillin group (n=40) was treated Amoxicillin with 40 mg/day. Group B Amoxicillin group (n=40) was treated 10 mg/day. Both the drugs were orally. Clinical evaluation of symptoms was assessed before and after treatment (3rd and 7th days). Patient's White Blood cell Counts, Lymphocytes counts were analyzed accordingly. Results: At the end of the treatment (3rd and 7th days) the clinical evaluation, WBC and Lymphocytes count in Azithromycin group showed significant reduction of WBCs (12.1%) and Lymphocyte counts (8.2%) than amoxicillin group. Minimal adverse drug reactions were noted in Azithromycin group. Conclusion: There is clear evidence that Azithromycin is superior to amoxicillin in treating lower respiratory infections in children

Modulus and stiffness of laterally loaded single free headed pile in stratified soil

Laterally loaded piles gained its attention when structures like transform towers, offshore structures etc., met huge horizontal loads. Initially, to study the behaviour of laterally loaded piles, homogeneous soil is assumed; whereas in reality the soil stratum would be stratified/ multi-layer soil with various consistency and relative density. Considering this real field situation, an 1g experimental investigation is carried out on a single pile embedded in layered soil by varying the number of layers with respect to the length of the pile. With a sand layer on top and in-between, it increases the lateral capacity of the pile. The main soil-structure interaction parameters are modulus and stiffness factor, the modulus of the homogenous sand layer is very high when compared to the clay layer sandwiched between the sand layer

Effect of statins on lipoprotein (a) in dyslipidemic patients

Background: Elevated plasma lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels, which act synergistically with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The effect of statin drugs on Lp(a) levels has not been well-demonstrated in clinical studies. This prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study with parallel treatment groups was conducted to assess the effect of simvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, on serum Lp(a) levels and serum lipid profile, in treatment-naive dyslipidemic patients without CVD.Methods: A 12 weeks study, with 85 patients, aged 40-70 years, diagnosed with borderline high LDL-C, were assigned to three groups with their informed consents. Group A (n=28) was treated on simvastatin 20 mg/day; Group B (n=29) on atorvastatin 10 mg/day; and Group C (n=28) on rosuvastatin 5 mg/day. Patients’ lipid profile and Lp(a) levels were assessed at 0, 4th and 12th week of treatment period. Statistical analysis was done using Duncan’s test (p<0.05) and one-way ANOVA (p<0.001).Results: At the end of 12 weeks, serum Lp(a) reduction was substantial at 18.73% in atorvastatin group; at insignificant levels (3.15%) in simvastatin group, whereas an elevated level of 8.58% in Lp(a) was recorded in rosuvastatin group. All three treatment groups showed a significant positive impact on the lipid profile. No adverse drug reactions were reported.Conclusion: The impact of statin monotherapy on lipid profile doesn’t correlate with its effect on Lp(a). Atorvastatin has shown a significant reduction in Lp(a) unlike the other statins, and should be preferred in patients with increased risk of CVD

OPTIMIZATION OF LIPASE PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT AGROINDUSTRIAL WASTES BY MARINE ACTINOMYCETES

Objective: To identify the production of extracellular lipase by solid state fermentation (SSF) using coconut cake and groundnut cake using thermophilic strain of marine actinomycetes. Methods: From the isolated strains of marine actinomycetes a comparative study has been evaluated on different intends such as pH, temperature, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and additive sources were optimized for maximum yield. Results: Five different pH was used from 5 to 9 and on the other hand 3 different temperatures were maintained, sucrose, fructose and dextrose were used as carbon sources while urea, peptone and Ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen sources similarly Tween 20 was used as additive sources. On comparing coconut oil cake and groundnut oil cake for all these different intends, there was maximum extracellular lipase specific activity was obtained in groundnut oil cake

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE FROM LEAF EXTRACT OF AEGLE MARMELOS AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Objective: The synthesis of metal nanoparticle is a growing area of research in modern material science and technology. Utilization of the silver nanoparticles in the field of biomedical nanotechnology and nanomedicines is rapidly growing because of their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant property and less toxicity. Nanoparticles are synthesized by chemical methods, but are not eco-friendly. The objective of the study is to develop a fast, eco-friendly and convenient method for silver nanoparticle synthesis.Methods: In this method utilization of the reducingproperty of Aegle marmelos leaf extract was done for synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles.  Characterization of the metal nanoparticles was carried out by UV- Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction microscopy (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and zeta potential analysis.Results: This result showed the average particle size of 15 -30 nm and spherical structure of stable silver nanoparticles. Green synthesized nanoparticles tested for its antibacterial activity by the well diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles had shown a more inhibitory effect against Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila at 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml concentrations.Conclusion: This study is recommends the use of Aegle marmelos leaves for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and can be applied as an antimicrobial agent.Â