Flock-level risk factors for scrapie in Great Britain: analysis of a 2002 anonymous postal survey

BACKGROUND: In November 2002, an anonymous postal survey of sheep farmers in Great Britain (GB) was conducted to identify factors associated with the flock-level occurrence of scrapie. This survey was undertaken to update an earlier postal survey in 1998, and was the first occasion in which a large-scale postal survey had been repeated. RESULTS: The results of the 2002 survey indicated that scrapie was more likely to occur in certain geographic regions; in purebred compared to commercial flocks; in larger flocks; in flocks which lambed in group pens compared to those which lambed in individual pens; in flocks which always lambed in the same location compared to those which did not; and in farms which kept certain breeds of sheep. In addition to these factors, the likelihood of the disease occurring in homebred animals was higher in flocks which bred a greater proportion of replacement animals or which bought-in lambs. Finally, within-flock transmission following exposure was more likely to occur in hill flocks compared to other farm types; in flocks which bred a greater proportion of replacement animals; and in farms which kept a certain crossbreed of ewe. CONCLUSION: The risk factors identified from the 1998 and 2002 anonymous postal surveys in Great Britain were similar. However, differences between the surveys were identified in the influence of region and of purchasing behaviour on the risk of scrapie. These differences are most likely a consequence of changes in farmer awareness and the impact of the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic, respectively

Learning machines or the key to care: a qualitative study exploring the impact of the hidden curriculum on medical students’ longitudinal experiences in primary care

Objective Longitudinal learning often faces implementation challenges within UK medical schools. Some have suggested that the hidden curriculum may be implicated, but there is little evidence regarding how the hidden curriculum influences student experiences of, and engagement with longitudinal learning. Given this, our objective was to explore the impact of the hidden curriculum on student experiences of a longitudinal curriculum based in primary care at a research-intensive medical school. Design We conducted a longitudinal qualitative study. Students participated in three serial, in-depth semistructured interviews. We conducted a longitudinal thematic analysis. Setting One research-intensive medical school based in the UK. Data collection occurred in 2021–2022. Participants 12 penultimate year medical students taking part in a longitudinal primary care placement for 1 day a week over the course of one academic year. Results We constructed four themes capturing insights on how hidden curricula influenced students’ experiences: (1) A culture which stresses assessment influences student engagement with longitudinal learning; (2) Longitudinal relationships can challenge the hidden curriculum; (3) Support and continuity within primary care improves skills and can influence belonging and (4) Logistical issues influence engagement with longitudinal learning. Conclusions The hidden curriculum, particularly related to assessment, plays a large role in student perceptions of educational value and subsequent engagement with curricula. In a research-intensive institution, longitudinal learning, particularly within primary care, was perceived as at odds with what was important for assessments. Where longitudinal relationships were successfully established, students became more aware of the benefits of person-centred practice. For primary care longitudinal education to succeed in more research-intensive institutions, there must first be advocacy for greater representation of primary care and person-centred values within organisational structures to ensure meaningful curricular alignment

Determination of Taguchi Grey Relation Analysis to Influence the Tool Geometry and Cutting Parameters of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy to Achieve Better Product Quality

It may be more expensive on some system, as manufacturers frequently obtain and spread over new producing materials that are brighter and stouter—and thus a lot of fuel-effectual—it follows that cutting tool manufacturers should mature tools which will machine the new specimens and Geometry at the best attainable levels of productivity. Feasibly the mutual thread through all producing is the determination for exaggerated productivity and dependableness. As metal cutting operations become increasingly fine-tuned, the relationship between cutlery micro (cutting edge preparation) and macro (rake face topography) pure mathematics is changing into a lot of and a lot of necessary. This study intelligences the outcomes of a Turning experiment showed on the Ti–6Al–4V alloy of L9 orthogonal array on CNC Turning center with Taughi gray relative analysis. Emphases on the optimization of Turning method parameters victimization the technique to get minimum Resultant Cutting Force, Tool Wear, Tool Life, and Energy Consumption. The experimentations were performed on Ti–6Al–4V alloy block of the cutting tool of changed pure mathematics of CNMP120408-SM TN8025 of twelve metric linear unit diameter with cutting purpose one hundred forty degrees, used throughout the experimental work beneath totally different cutting conditions. Grey relative Analysis & ANOVA was castoff to total the primary necessary Cutting speed as constant of 3000Rpm, feed rate, Depth of Cut and Different Tool Geometries conditions that moving the response. The main and interaction effect of the input variables on the expected responses are investigated. The expected values and measured values are fairly Near to the Outcome one