Study on drug utilization pattern and cost analysis among the psychiatric patients treated with various benzodiazepine derivatives

Background: The objective of the study was to assess drug utilization pattern and cost analysis among the psychiatric patients treated with various benzodiazepine derivatives.Methods: This observational study was conducted in department of psychiatric, RMMCH, Annamalai University. The study period was 6 months (November 2018 to April 2019). A total of 50 psychiatric patients were included.Results: A total 50 patients among them 64% (32) males and 36% (18) female, were included in the study. Most of the patient were between the age groups of 18-29 years (30%). The most common clinical condition treated with benzodiazepines were alcohol dependence syndrome/alcohol withdrawal syndrome/ alcohol related psychotic disorder (34%). The majority of patients were prescribed with clonazepam (66.67%). The defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 bed days of benzodiazepines were found to be 0.89. In this study the comparison of cost analysis for the drug used and it was found that lorazepam (122%) are most expensive followed by chlordiazepoxide (93.3%) and clonazepam (78.57%). The cheapest drug was nitrazepam (36.84%).Conclusions: The majority of the patient admitted in the psychiatric department were suffering from Alcohol depending syndrome/alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The most commonly prescribed benzodiazepine was clonazepam followed by lorazepam and least prescribed diazepam and nitrazepam based on defined daily dose concept

On the Area Expected Distortion of Scalable Videos in Multi-Frequency System

We investigate new performance analysis of multi-channel Scalable Video Coding (SVC) in multifrequency system using Area Expected Distortion (AED). We begin by outlining the obtained explicit expression of AED in multi-frequency system namely fractional frequency reuse (FFR), for single layer and two-layer SVC. We start with mathematical model for single-layer and two-layered SVC, where expected distortion of the SVC that depends on the trade-off between the probability of outage and quantization accuracy is derived. The novel performance measurement of AED is then used to measure the relationship between the average distortion rate, outage probability and channel allocation per area in multifrequency systems. Analysis of AED for FFR shows that the two-layer SVC outperforms the single layer transmission with 60 percent lesser expected distortion at 20dB, and we deduced a system parameter for two layer SVC, that given minimum AED when the threshold distance is at 0.86km and 0.78km at 20dB and 0dB respectively. The analytical results are verified using the Monte Carlo simulations