48 research outputs found
Citronella Oil Microencapsulated in Carboxymethylated Tamarind Gum and its Controlled Release
Citronella oil is one of possible natural insectâs repellents extracted from leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus. It is used extensively as a source of perfumery chemicals such as 25% citronellal, 18% citronellol and 20% geraniol. To prolong the citronella oil release, carboxymethylated tamarind gum (CTG) was used as coating material for citronella oil encapsulation and compared to crude tamarind gum (TG), using spray drying technique. Three formulas of microcapsule were prepared at different gum to oil ratios (1.25, 1.14, and 0.87). The appearance feature of CTG microcapsule from SEM images showed a smooth surface while TG microcapsule showed many holes and crack on particle surface. It was observed that increasing the gum to oil ratio increases the retention of citronella oil in microcapsules. At 1.14 gum to oil ratio, CTG microcapsules were shown longer oil retention more than one month. The citronella oil release mechanism was analyzed by different kinetic models such as Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and Avramiâs models. The microcapsules were found to release the citronella oi
Microencapsulation of citronella oil with carboxymethylated tamarind gum
Tamarind gum (TG) and carboxymethylated tamarind gum (CTG) were used as wall material to prepare citronella oil microcapsules by spray-drying. The aim of this work was to study the effect of wall-to-core ratio and fluid viscosity on emulsion droplet and microcapsule size, in order to maximize encapsulation efficiency (EE). EE was directly influenced by gum-to-oil ratio variations. Results showed that emulsion droplet size (D32) of CTG ranged between 0.18 to1.31 mm, smaller than those obtained for TG, which ranged from 0.87 to 2.91 mm. CTG microcapsules had a smooth surface and a spherical shape, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface oil content and total oil content affected encapsulation efficiency. TG microcapsules showed lower EE than CTG microcapsules, which was related to the viscosity of gum to oil ratio. The maximum EE occurred at 1.14 gum to oil ratio for CTG microcapsules (87 %).The work presented in this paper was financially supported by the Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, under Grant No. 12/2556. The author, K. Khounvilay, acknowledges the Fellowship of the One More Step: Erasmus Mundus Action 2 project, provided by the European Commission.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Rheological and microstructural properties of B-Lactoglobulin / Galactomannan Aqueous systems
Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia QuÃmica. 2006. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Port
Use of seed gums from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula as controlled-release agents
Most seed gums have been widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food products because of their hydrophilic properties. Gums from Tamariudus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were chemically modified by carboxymethylation to improve their functionalities. The objective of the present study was to characterizeââ Peer review under responsibility of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. and evaluate crude and carboxymethylated gums from T. indica and C. fistula seeds to achieve the controlled-release of diclofenac sodium (DS) in matrix tablet form. Both crude and carboxymethylated gums were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the gums were successfully modified by carboxymethylation and that the modified gums were amorphous in structure and had better flow properties. The carboxymethylated gums from both plant seeds did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/ml. All gum samples used as polymeric controlled-release agents were formulated into DS matrix tablets. Hardness and thickness tests were conducted as in-process tests. Drug content estimation and in vitro drug release studies were carried out to evaluate the matrix tablets. Increasing the concentration of gums increased compression time and hardness while it reduced the thickness. Furthermore, the results fitted well with the KorsmeyerâPeppas model. Moreover, the DS tablets were found to release the drug by super case II transport (relaxation). In summary, the carboxymethylated gum from T. indica and C. fistula seeds is an excellent, naturally sourced gum with high physicochemical and functional qualities, and can potentially be used in pharmaceutical applications as a disintegrant, diluent, and drug release-controlling agent. Keywords: Seed gum, Tamarindus indica, Cassia fistula, Carboxymethylated gum, Controlled-release agent, Swellin
Dyeing of Cotton, Bombyx Mori and Eri Silk Fabrics with the Natural Dye Extracted from Tamarind Seed
Physicochemical characterization of gum from tamarind seed: Potential for pharmaceutical application
āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĒ: āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāđāļģāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒExtraction of Active Compounds from Thai Herbs: Steam Distillation and Solvent Extraction
āļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļĒāļĄāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāļĢāđāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļĄāļēāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢ āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āđāļŦāļĒāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļģ āļāļķāđāļāđāļāđāļāļģāđāļŠāļāļāđāļ§āđāļŠāļēāļĄāđāļāļāļāļīāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļģ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļģāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļģ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāđāļģ āđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāđāļģāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđāļāđāļāļ Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) āļāļķāđāļāļāļīāļĒāļĄāđāļāđāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāđāļ§āđāļāđāļ§āļĒ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļąāđāļāļāļ°āđāļāđāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļąāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒ āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļģāđāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāđāļ§āđāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļāļīāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĄāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļĄāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ§āļīāļāļĪāļāļīāļĒāļīāđāļāļĒāļ§āļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĨāļ·āđāļāđāļĄāđāļāļĢāđāļ§āļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĨāļ·āđāļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļŠāļđāļ āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļŠāļąāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļāļīāļāđāļĨāđāļ§ āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļģāđāļŠāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒ āđāļāđāļ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāđāļāļāđāļāļāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāļāļģāļāļąāļāļāļāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļ āļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļŠāļāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāđāļāđāļRecently, distillation and solvent extraction are widely used in herbal extraction. Distillation process is based on of phase change of both active compounds and water, whereas the solvent extraction process is based on solubility principle as like dissolves like concept. Hence, three techniques of distillation, water distillation, water and steam distillation, and direct steam distillation are briefly provided in details, including an innovation process as instant controlled pressure drop (DIC). Various techniques of solvent extraction such as infusion, percolation, soxhlet extraction, maceration, enfleurage, supercritical fluid extraction, Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) are briefly described, including pros and cons. Moreover, factors of solvent selection and solvent polarity are also commented. Hopefully, these information from this article will be useful in your herb of interest
āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĒ: āđāļāļāļāļāđāļŦāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļŠāļāļąāļExtraction of Active Compounds from Thai Herbs: Powder and Extract
āļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļđāļāļāļģāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļāđāđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāđāļēāļāđ āđāļāđāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļ·āđāļĄ āđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļŠāļģāļāļēāļ āļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļĢāļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļđāđāļāļĢāļīāđāļ āļāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļŠāđāđāļāļŠāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļķāđāļ āļāļķāļāļŠāđāļāļāļĨāđāļŦāđāļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāđāļēāļāđ āļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļīāļĒāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļģāđāļŠāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāļāļąāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāđāļŦāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļŠāļāļąāļ āđāļāļĒāđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢ āļāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāļāļŠāļāļąāļ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāđāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ āļāļąāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāđāļāļāđāļģāļŠāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļĨ āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļĒāļāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ āļāļķāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļąāđāļāļŦāļĄāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļāđāļāļĢāđāļāđNowadays, Thai herbs have been providing in many category of products for examples in food and beverage, cosmetics, and drugs. Due to customers take care more in their own health and safety, it causes all herbal products are concerned. Extraction methods for both powder and extract forms of active compounds are presented in this article. Hence, introduction of active compounds, postharvest technique, herbal processing, and extraction methods are mentioned and given some examples in each extraction technique. All of the information can be useful to be a simple guide how to make herbal extracts