48 research outputs found

    Citronella Oil Microencapsulated in Carboxymethylated Tamarind Gum and its Controlled Release

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    Citronella oil is one of possible natural insect’s repellents extracted from leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus. It is used extensively as a source of perfumery chemicals such as 25% citronellal, 18% citronellol and 20% geraniol. To prolong the citronella oil release, carboxymethylated tamarind gum (CTG) was used as coating material for citronella oil encapsulation and compared to crude tamarind gum (TG), using spray drying technique. Three formulas of microcapsule were prepared at different gum to oil ratios (1.25, 1.14, and 0.87). The appearance feature of CTG microcapsule from SEM images showed a smooth surface while TG microcapsule showed many holes and crack on particle surface. It was observed that increasing the gum to oil ratio increases the retention of citronella oil in microcapsules. At 1.14 gum to oil ratio, CTG microcapsules were shown longer oil retention more than one month. The citronella oil release mechanism was analyzed by different kinetic models such as Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and Avrami’s models. The microcapsules were found to release the citronella oi

    Microencapsulation of citronella oil with carboxymethylated tamarind gum

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    Tamarind gum (TG) and carboxymethylated tamarind gum (CTG) were used as wall material to prepare citronella oil microcapsules by spray-drying. The aim of this work was to study the effect of wall-to-core ratio and fluid viscosity on emulsion droplet and microcapsule size, in order to maximize encapsulation efficiency (EE). EE was directly influenced by gum-to-oil ratio variations. Results showed that emulsion droplet size (D32) of CTG ranged between 0.18 to1.31 mm, smaller than those obtained for TG, which ranged from 0.87 to 2.91 mm. CTG microcapsules had a smooth surface and a spherical shape, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface oil content and total oil content affected encapsulation efficiency. TG microcapsules showed lower EE than CTG microcapsules, which was related to the viscosity of gum to oil ratio. The maximum EE occurred at 1.14 gum to oil ratio for CTG microcapsules (87 %).The work presented in this paper was financially supported by the Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, under Grant No. 12/2556. The author, K. Khounvilay, acknowledges the Fellowship of the One More Step: Erasmus Mundus Action 2 project, provided by the European Commission.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Rheological and microstructural properties of B-Lactoglobulin / Galactomannan Aqueous systems

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    Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia Química. 2006. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Port

    Use of seed gums from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula as controlled-release agents

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    Most seed gums have been widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food products because of their hydrophilic properties. Gums from Tamariudus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were chemically modified by carboxymethylation to improve their functionalities. The objective of the present study was to characterize   Peer review under responsibility of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. and evaluate crude and carboxymethylated gums from T. indica and C. fistula seeds to achieve the controlled-release of diclofenac sodium (DS) in matrix tablet form. Both crude and carboxymethylated gums were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the gums were successfully modified by carboxymethylation and that the modified gums were amorphous in structure and had better flow properties. The carboxymethylated gums from both plant seeds did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/ml. All gum samples used as polymeric controlled-release agents were formulated into DS matrix tablets. Hardness and thickness tests were conducted as in-process tests. Drug content estimation and in vitro drug release studies were carried out to evaluate the matrix tablets. Increasing the concentration of gums increased compression time and hardness while it reduced the thickness. Furthermore, the results fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Moreover, the DS tablets were found to release the drug by super case II transport (relaxation).  In summary, the carboxymethylated gum from T. indica and C. fistula seeds is an excellent, naturally sourced gum with high physicochemical and functional qualities, and can potentially be used in pharmaceutical applications as a disintegrant, diluent, and drug release-controlling agent. Keywords: Seed gum, Tamarindus indica, Cassia fistula, Carboxymethylated gum, Controlled-release agent, Swellin

    āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđ„āļ—āļĒ: āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒExtraction of Active Compounds from Thai Herbs: Steam Distillation and Solvent Extraction

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    āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļžāļĢāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāđāļ™āđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āđ€āļŦāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļŠāļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āđāļšāļš Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āđāļšāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĄāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļŦāļĨāļ§āļīāļāļĪāļ•āļīāļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ§āļ” āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āđ„āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāđ€āļ§āļŸ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļĩāđˆāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļžāļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļ›āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļšāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›Recently, distillation and solvent extraction are widely used in herbal extraction. Distillation process is based on of phase change of both active compounds and water, whereas the solvent extraction process is based on solubility principle as like dissolves like concept. Hence, three techniques of distillation, water distillation, water and steam distillation, and direct steam distillation are briefly provided in details, including an innovation process as instant controlled pressure drop (DIC). Various techniques of solvent extraction such as infusion, percolation, soxhlet extraction, maceration, enfleurage, supercritical fluid extraction, Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) are briefly described, including pros and cons. Moreover, factors of solvent selection and solvent polarity are also commented. Hopefully, these information from this article will be useful in your herb of interest

    āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđ„āļ—āļĒ: āđāļšāļšāļœāļ‡āđāļŦāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļāļąāļ”Extraction of Active Compounds from Thai Herbs: Powder and Extract

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    āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŠāđˆāđƒāļˆāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļœāļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļœāļ‡āđāļŦāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļāļąāļ” āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢ āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđāļšāļšāļŠāļāļąāļ” āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āđ‰āļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļ” āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļāļĨ āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļļāļ™āđ„āļžāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰Nowadays, Thai herbs have been providing in many category of products for examples in food and beverage, cosmetics, and drugs. Due to customers take care more in their own health and safety, it causes all herbal products are concerned. Extraction methods for both powder and extract forms of active compounds are presented in this article. Hence, introduction of active compounds, postharvest technique, herbal processing, and extraction methods are mentioned and given some examples in each extraction technique. All of the information can be useful to be a simple guide how to make herbal extracts
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