Prevalence, associated factors and predictors of anxiety: a community survey in Selangor, Malaysia

Background: Anxiety is the most common mental health disorders in the general population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety, its associated factors and the predictors of anxiety among adults in the community of Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in three districts in Selangor, Malaysia. The inclusion criteria of this study were Malaysian citizens, adults aged 18 years and above, and living in the selected living quarters based on the list provided by the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOS). Participants completed a set of questionnaires, including the validated Malay version of Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD 7) to detect anxiety. Results: Of the 2512 participants who were approached, 1556 of them participated in the study (61.90 %). Based on the cut-off point of 8 and above in the GAD-7, the prevalence of anxiety was 8.2 %. Based on the initial multiple logistic regression analysis, the predictors of anxiety were depression, serious problems at work, domestic violence and high perceived stress. When reanalyzed again after removing depression, low self-esteem and high perceived stress, six predictors that were identified are cancer, serious problems at work, domestic violence, unhappy relationship with family, non-organizational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity. Conclusion: This study reports the prevalence of anxiety among adults in the community of Selangor, Malaysia and also the magnitude of the associations between various factors and anxiety

Effectiveness of a web-based psycho-education intervention program on depression and anxiety among adults in Selangor, Malaysia

Mental disorders are a major global public health problem. Among all the mental health disorders, depression and anxiety are the most common. The burden and disability resulting from mental disorders is significant, and yet mental disorders are largely left untreated and patients do not receive professional care. This research has been conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among adults in Selangor, and how a brief psycho-education program can address this problem. A cross sectional study was conducted in three districts of Selangor, from 11th June to 30th December 2012. The sampling frame was obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOS) in May 2012, using the National Population and Housing Census 2010. Adults aged 18 years and above who were Malaysian citizens and living in the selected living quarters were approached to participate in the study and were requested to complete a set of questionnaires. A total of 1,556 out of 2,512 participants participated in this study, giving an overall study response rate of 61.90%. Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was used to determine the presence of depression, whereas the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD 7) was used to detect anxiety. The prevalence of depression and anxiety in this study was 10.3% and 8.2%, respectively. Based on the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the predictors of depression were presence of anxiety, serious problems at work, unhappy relationship with children, high perceived stress, domestic violence, unhappy relationship with spouse, low self-esteem, unhappy relationship with family, serious financial constraint and the presence of chronic diseases. Based on the additional multivariate logistic regression analysis whereby all the covariates were considered except high stress, anxiety, and low self-esteem, the additional predictors of depression were serious marital problem, non-organizational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity. The predictors of anxiety were depression, serious problems at work, domestic violence and high perceived stress. Based on the additional multivariate logistic regression analysis after removing stress, depression and selfesteem, the additional predictors of anxiety were cancer, unhappy relationship with family, non-organizational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity. A brief web-based psycho-education intervention program was developed based on these predictors. The intervention program consisted of four sessions, with each session accessed on a weekly basis. A two-arm randomized controlled trial of a single blind study was conducted to compare four weeks of the web-based psycho-education intervention program versus a wait list control group. Participants who have participated in the first phase of this study and who were still living in Selangor; having access to computer and internet connection and are internet literate were invited to participate in the study. A list of eligible participants who consented to participate in the study was numbered. By using a random number table, the participants were randomly allocated to either the intervention or the control group. A total of 119 participants were included in Phase 2 of study. All the participants completed the online questionnaires at week 1, week 5 and week 12. Participants in the intervention group were allowed to view the full content on the website and use the program as frequently and for as long as they wanted. The primary outcomes of this study were the change in depressive and anxiety score, whereas the secondary outcome was the change in the mental health literacy score. The baseline scores of outcome measures showed no significant differences between the intervention and control group. The mixed between-within subject ANOVA was used to compare mean difference of the psycho-education intervention program between the intervention and control groups at baseline, post-test (week 5) and 2-months of follow up (week 12). Results revealed a significant difference in the mental health literacy between the intervention and the control group. No significant difference was found in the depression and anxiety scores. The psycho-education intervention was found to be effective in increasing the mental health literacy of the participants

Flow chart of sampling method.

<p>The above figure shows the sampling method of this research. The sampling frame for this study was obtained from the Department of Statistics (DOS), Malaysia. A multistage stratified random sampling method was used for the selection of enumeration blocks and living quarters in each of the three districts in Selangor.</p

Predictors of depression after removing anxiety, stress and self-esteem.

<p>Analysis was based on a sample size of 1434 participants.</p

Association of chronic diseases and history of mental health problems with depression among participants (n = 1460).

<p>*significant at p<0.05 **significant at p<0.001</p

Association of domestic violence with depression among ever married participants (n = 952).

<p>**significant at p<0.001</p

Flow chart of data collection process.

<p>The above figure shows the flow chart of the detailed data collection process, starting from the arrival at the selected houses until the end of the data collection.</p

The map of Malaysia.

<p>The above figure shows the map of Malaysia. The area highlighted in grey is the state of Selangor. The enlarged view of the nine districts in Selangor is also shown. The three districts where the study was done are also highlighted in grey.</p

Association of perceived stress with depression among participants (n = 1456).

<p>**significant at p<0.001</p

Association of socio-demographic profiles with depression among participants.

<p>*significant at p<0.05 **significant at p<0.001</p