Attachment security and maternal behaviors as predictors of children's psychosocial adjustment at school entry

Objective. This paper aimed to examine the contributions of a second assessment time point of attachment security, along with assessments of maternal behavior (sensitivity and autonomy support), to the prediction of children’s behavior problems. Design. Maternal behavior and mother–child attachment were assessed in 73 mother–child dyads when children were between 15 months and 26 months old. Children’s internalizing and externalizing problems were reported by their teachers in kindergarten and first grade. Results. Each assessment time point of attachment security, as well as maternal behavior, explained comparable portions of the variance in children’s anxious/depressed behavior, jointly predicting more than three times the variance explained by either measure of attachment alone. Conclusion. Researchers should consider a multidimensional approach to the assessment of the quality of mother–child relationships, at least when attempting to explain the development of child internalizing problems

Liens longitudinaux entre le tempérament, la qualité de la relation mère-enfant et le fonctionnement socio-émotionnel chez les enfants.

Différents éléments peuvent influencer le fonctionnement socio-émotionnel des enfants et agir comme facteurs de protection ou facteurs de risque. Il est maintenant bien reconnu que ces facteurs proviennent d’éléments propres à l’enfant ainsi que d’aspects provenant de l’environnement dans lequel il grandit. Cette thèse se centre sur les facteurs intrinsèques et environnementaux les plus étudiés concernant le développement socio-émotionnel des enfants durant la petite enfance: le tempérament de l’enfant et la qualité des relations mère-enfant. Peu d’études se sont intéressées à l’interface entre le tempérament et la qualité des relations mère-enfant mesurés dans la petite enfance pour prédire le fonctionnement socio-émotionnel à l’âge scolaire. Pourtant, l’âge scolaire est marqué d’une étape de transition des plus saillantes du développement des enfants, c’est-à-dire l'entrée scolaire. L'ajustement socio-émotionnel des enfants au cours des premières années d’école est l'un des principaux facteurs influençant leur adaptation scolaire (Robson et al., 2020). Il est donc essentiel de comprendre pourquoi certains enfants fonctionnent mieux que d'autres sur ce plan durant l’âge scolaire. Le premier article explorait le rôle modérateur de la qualité des interactions mère-enfant, observée à 2 ans, dans la relation entre la tendance à la colère des enfants et leurs comportements intériorisés, extériorisés et prosociaux à l’entrée scolaire. Les résultats ont montré que la tendance à la colère des tout-petits prédisait des difficultés socio-émotionnelles chez ceux-ci, principalement dans le contexte d’une meilleure qualité d’interactions mère-enfant. Le deuxième article examinait les liens prédictifs entre le soutien maternel à l’autonomie (observé à 15 mois) et les trajectoires des comportements intériorisés et extériorisés des enfants mesurés de 2 à 7 ans, en contrôlant les dimensions négatives du tempérament des enfants. Les résultats du deuxième article ont montré que plus les mères soutenaient l’autonomie de leur enfant, plus les comportement intériorisés augmentaient lentement dans les années subséquentes et plus les comportements extériorisés diminuaient rapidement.Different elements can act as protective or risk factors for child socioemotional functioning. It is now well recognized that these elements come from child-specific as well as environmental factors. This thesis focuses on the most studied intrinsic and environmental factors concerning child socioemotional development during toddlerhood: child temperament and mother-child relationship quality. Few studies have investigated the interplay between temperament and mother-child relationships in toddlerhood in the prediction of child socioemotional functioning in the early school years. Yet, this period includes a major developmental transition, namely school entry. Young children’s socioemotional adjustment during this period is one of the main factors influencing their school adaptation (Robson et al., 2020). It is therefore essential to understand why some children adapt better than others in early school years. The first article explored the moderating role of mother-child interactions quality, observed at 2 years old, in the association between child anger proneness and internalizing, externalizing and prosocial behaviors at school entry. The results showed that child anger proneness predicted socioemotional difficulties, primarily in the context of better mother-child interactions quality. The second article examines the predictive links between maternal autonomy support (observed at 15 months) and the trajectories of internalizing and externalizing behaviors measured from 2 to 7 years, while controlling for the negative dimensions of child temperament. The results showed that the more mothers supported their child's autonomy, the more internalizing behavior increased slowly and the more externalizing behavior decreased rapidly in later years

Relation mère-enfant et fonctionnement psychosocial des enfants à l'entrée scolaire : les rôles spécifiques de la sécurité d’attachement et des comportements maternels

L'une des influences les mieux documentées dans la prédiction des problèmes de comportements externalisés et internalisés des enfants est la qualité de la relation mère-enfant, souvent opérationnalisée par la sécurité d’attachement et la qualité des comportements maternels. Cependant, bien que ces deux variables soient reliées empiriquement et théoriquement, elles n’ont pas été examinées simultanément dans la prédiction des problèmes de comportements des enfants. Ce mémoire visait à examiner les contributions uniques de deux mesures de sécurité d’attachement ainsi que des comportements maternels (mesurés par la sensibilité maternelle et le soutien maternel à l’autonomie) dans la prédiction des problèmes de comportements des enfants. L’échantillon comprenait 73 dyades mère-enfant. Les comportements maternels ont été mesurés lorsque les enfants étaient âgés entre 15 mois et 2 ans. Les problèmes de comportements internalisés et externalisés des enfants ont été rapportés par leurs professeurs en maternelle et en première année d’école. Les résultats montrent que les deux mesures d’attachement ainsi que les comportements maternels expliquent une portion comparable de la variance des problèmes de comportements anxieux/dépressifs des enfants. Ensemble, ils prédisent trois fois plus de variance que les variables considérées séparément. Les recherches futures devraient considérer une approche multi-méthodes pour mesurer la qualité de la relation mère-enfant, du moins lorsqu’elles tentent d’expliquer le développement des comportements internalisés des enfants.One of the best-documented predictors of young children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems is the quality of mother-child relationships, often operationalized through attachment security and the quality of maternal behaviors. However, although empirically and theoretically interrelated, these aspects of mother-child relationships have not been considered simultaneously in the prediction of children's behavior problems. In addition, attachment is often measured once only, despite its modest stability. This paper aimed to examine the contributions of two assessments of attachment security along with assessments of maternal behaviors (sensitivity and autonomy support) to the prediction of children’s behavior problems. The sample included 73 mother-child dyads. Maternal behaviors and mother-child attachment were assessed when children were between 15 months and 2 years old. Children's internalizing and externalizing problems were reported by their teachers in kindergarten and first grade. The results indicated that each assessment of attachment security and maternal behaviors explained a comparable portion of the variance in children’s anxious/depressed behaviors, together predicting more than three times the variance that would have been explained by either measure of attachment alone. Researchers should consider a multidimensional approach to the assessment of the quality of mother-child relationships, at least when attempting to explain the development of child internalizing problems

Child temperamental anger, mother–child interactions, and socio-emotional functioning at school entry

This study investigated the role of temperamental anger in toddlerhood in the prediction of child socio-emotional functioning at school entry and the moderating function of mother–child interactions in these predictive associations. The sample included 86 children. To assess child temperamental anger, mothers and fathers completed the Anger proneness scale of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire when children were aged 2 years. The quality of mother–child interactions was also assessed when children were 2 years old with the Mutually Responsive Orientation scale. Child internalizing, externalizing and prosocial behaviors were reported by parents in kindergarten and first grade with the Child Behavior Checklist and the Socio-Affective Profile. The results indicated that anger proneness predicted higher internalizing and externalizing behavior, and lower prosocial behavior. In the case of internalizing behavior, the effect of anger was qualified by an interaction with the quality of mother–child interaction: anger proneness predicted higher internalizing behavior only among children who had higher-quality interactions with their mothers. These findings suggest that simultaneous consideration of temperament and parent–child relationships early on in development may help identify children at risk for experiencing adjustment difficulties at school entry, allowing for prompt intervention before difficulties crystallize

Attachment security and developmental patterns of growth in executive functioning during early elementary school

Despite the extensive research demonstrating the importance of child executive functioning (EF) for school adjustment, little longitudinal work has formally examined developmental change in EF during the early school years. Based on a sample of 106 mother–child dyads, the current longitudinal study investigated patterns of growth in child performance on three executive tasks between kindergarten (Mage = 6 years) and Grade 3 (Mage = 9 years), and the predictive role of earlier mother–child attachment security in these patterns. The results suggest that early elementary school is a period of significant developmental improvement in child EF, although child performance on different EF tasks follows distinct trajectories across time. The study also provides evidence for a sustained relation between children's early attachment security and their ongoing acquisition of executive skills

Reconsidering the links between sibship size, maternal sensitivity, and child attachment : a multidimensional interactive approach

Despite being a well-documented predictor of children’s cognitive and social development, sibship has received remarkably little attention in the attachment and maternal sensitivity literature. The only study that has examined both sensitivity and attachment in relation to sibship found greater maternal sensitivity but no more secure attachment among first-born infants. In the current study, we sought to examine the same links while testing two related hypotheses: that sibship size relates only to some specific aspects of sensitivity, and that sibship size relates to sensitivity only among certain mothers, namely those who are at risk for suboptimal parenting because of an insecure attachment state of mind. We assessed three dimensions of maternal sensitivity at 12 months and child attachment at 15 and 25 months among 258 mother–infant dyads living in intact biparental families. Compared with mothers who had fewer children, those with more children were observed to be less accessible/available, less positive, but not less cooperative/attuned, when interacting with their infant. These links were moderated by maternal attachment state of mind, such that significant relations were observed only among mothers presenting a more insecure state of mind. Finally, sibship size was unrelated to attachment. These findings suggest that failure to consider different dimensions of sensitivity or important parental moderators may result in the erroneous conclusion that birth order and sibship size are inconsequential for parent–child relationships