Valtion suvereniteetti ja vastuu kansainvälisessä ilmasto-oikeudessa

The question of state responsibility in climate change is becoming more and more relevant, as climate change continues to have detrimental effects on both the environment and the people. Sovereign states, however, cannot be forced to act. Sovereignty provides the states with a freedom to stay passive in the fight against climate change. With climate change causing sea level rise and increasing the frequency of natural disasters, the universal human rights stand threatened by the effects. International human rights law does not mention climate change, but if it can be proven that it truly violates human rights, states would have a responsibility to address climate change, at least in the sense that they ought to protect the victims of disasters and slow onset events. International environmental law provides with a responsibility to prevent environmental harm under the no-harm principle. The responsibility to prevent climate change would require that the connection between greenhouse gas emissions and climate change related environmental damage is sufficiently proven. The fact that climate change is partly natural and partly anthropological complicates this issue. The current climate change law does not appropriately address the sharing of responsibility to prevent climate change and compensate for damages caused by it. There are some principles, such as the polluter pays, beneficiary pays and ability to pay principles, which address the responsibility of those who pollute, those who benefit from the pollution, and the different levels of abilities to pay. From them, it follows that developed states ought to have a broader responsibility to pay than developing states, since they have polluted more, benefit more from the pollution, and have the means to pay more. The climate change regime is decades old, but it still fails to properly assign states with responsibilities to prevent climate change. Human rights law and environmental law compensate for some parts climate law lacks in, but the scientific uncertainties make the applicability controversial

Attitude And Belief Towards Effective Information Sharing

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membuat penyelidikan faktor kejayaan kritikal bagi niat untuk berkongsi maklumat. "Theory of Plan Behavior" (TPB) yang telah diubahsuai daripada "Theory of Reasoned Action" (TRA) dan mempunyai satu unsur berlebihan (tanggapan kawalan kelakuan) berbanding dengan TRA. Kepuasan pengguna dan sasaran yang dikenalpasti telah digunakan untuk memasti sarna ada personaliti dan sosial terhadap sikap dan kepercayaan akan membantu maklumat perkongsian. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di sebuah syarikat perindustrian antarabangsa di Pulau Pinang. Satu kajian soalselidik telah dijalankan ke atas 96 pekerja kilang yang maklum balas menyumbang kepada kadar maklum balas sebanyak 48%. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that determine intention to share information. Theory of Plan Behavior (TPB) that had been adapted based on TRA with additional element of Perceived Behavior Control had been used in this study in explaining the personality and social effects on attitude and belief towards information sharing. This study had been carried out on a multinational company in Penang. A questionnaire survey has been carried out, there were total of 96 employees respondent which represent response rate of 48%

Fuzzy Goal Programming Procedure to Bilevel Multiobjective Linear Fractional Programming Problems

This paper presents a fuzzy goal programming (FGP) procedure for solving bilevel multiobjective linear fractional programming (BL-MOLFP) problems. It makes an extension work of Moitra and Pal (2002) and Pal et al. (2003). In the proposed procedure, the membership functions for the defined fuzzy goals of the decision makers (DMs) objective functions at both levels as well as the membership functions for vector of fuzzy goals of the decision variables controlled by first-level decision maker are developed first in the model formulation of the problem. Then a fuzzy goal programming model to minimize the group regret of degree of satisfactions of both the decision makers is developed to achieve the highest degree (unity) of each of the defined membership function goals to the extent possible by minimizing their deviational variables and thereby obtaining the most satisfactory solution for both decision makers. The method of variable change on the under- and over-deviational variables of the membership goals associated with the fuzzy goals of the model is introduced to solve the problem efficiently by using linear goal programming (LGP) methodology. Illustrative numerical example is given to demonstrate the procedure

Neutrosophic Non-linear Regression based on Kuhn-Tucker Necessary Conditions

Correlation coefficient and regression analysis are the most applied statistical approaches accessible in numerous disciplines due to its applicability and relevance. The neutrosophic sets found their place into recent research, whereas the world is full of indeterminacy. Kuhn-Tuckers necessary conditions are used to obtain the estimated parameters for non-linear regression models. This estimation procedure can use for any data set of non-linear regression models. We present, in this paper, the concepts of neutrosophic correlation and non-linear regression based on Kuhn-Tuckers necessary conditions. we provide some comparative studies between single-valued neutrosophic set and interval-valued neutrosophic set. Next, we apply scoring methods by different research. Numerical example is given to explain the result presented in this study. The results showed that the proposed approach can yield a fitting curve for any data set in neutrosophic environment

Tutte trails of graphs on surfaces

PhDA Tutte trail T of a graph G is a trail such that every component of GnV (T) has at most three edges connecting it to T. In 1992, Bill Jackson conjectured that every 2-edge-connected graph G has a Tutte closed trail. In this thesis, we show that Jackson's conjecture is true when G is embedded on the plane and the projective plane. We also give some partial results when G is embedded on the torus.Department of Mathematics, Ramkhamhaeng University, and Thai governmen

TOPSIS Approach for Solving Bi-Level Non-Linear Fractional MODM Problems

TOPSIS (technique for order preference similarity to ideal solution) is considered one of the known classical multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods to solve bi-level non-linear fractional multi-objective decision making (BL-NFMODM) problems, and in which the objective function at each level is considered nonlinear and maximization type fractional functions. The proposed approach presents the basic terminology of TOPSIS approach and the construction of membership function for the upper level decision variable vectors, the membership functions of the distance functions from the positive ideal solution (PIS) and of the distance functions from the negative ideal solution (NIS). Thereafter a fuzzy goal programming model is adopted to obtain compromise optimal solution of BL-NFMODM problems. The proposed approach avoids the decision deadlock situations in decision making process and possibility of rejecting the solution again and again by lower level decision makers. The presented TOPSIS technique for BL-NFMODM problems is a new fuzzy extension form of TOPSIS approach suggested by Baky and Abo-Sinna (2013) (Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37, 1004-1015, 2013) which dealt with bi -level multi-objective decision making (BL-MODM) problems. Also, an algorithm is presented of the new fuzzy TOPSIS approach for solving BL-NFMODM problems. Finally, an illustrative numerical example is given to demonstrate the approach

Yhteisopetuksen merkitys työhyvinvoinnin kannalta – Luokanopettajien kokemuksia

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, millaisia kokemuksia luokanopettajilla on yhteisopettajuudesta ja miten yhteisopettajuuden koetaan vaikuttavan edelleen kokemuksiin henkilökohtaisesta työhyvinvoinnista. Tähän liittyen haluttiin selvittää, millaiset työn vaatimukset ja/tai voimavarat ovat johtaneet mahdolliseen myönteiseen tai kielteiseen kehitykseen työhyvinvoinnissa. Toisaalta tarkoituksena oli vertailla, miten luokanopettajien kokemukset työhyvinvoinnista ovat muuttuneet yksin ja yhdessä opettamisen välillä. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys koostuu yhteisopettajuutta ja työhyvinvointia käsittelevistä luvuista. Yhteisopettajuudella tarkoitetaan tässä tutkimuksessa kahden tasavertaisen ammattilaisen yhteistyötä, jossa opetuksen suunnittelu, toteutus ja arviointi tehdään yhteistyössä. Työhyvinvoinnin tarkastelussa hyödynnetään työn vaatimusten ja voimavarojen teoriaa, jonka mukaan työolosuhteet jakautuvat työn imua edistäviin voimavaroihin ja työuupumuksen riskiä lisääviin vaatimuksiin. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnettiin fenomenologista tutkimusstrategiaa. Aineisto kerättiin syksyllä 2022 puolistrukturoitujen etähaastattelujen avulla. Haastatteluun osallistui kahdeksan yhteisopettajana työskennellyttä luokanopettajaa eri kouluista ympäri Suomea. Aineisto analysoitiin fenomenologisella analyysilla, ja tutkimuksen tulokseksi saatiin kokemuksen rakennetta kuvaava yleinen merkitysverkosto. Merkitysverkosto koostui merkityskokonaisuuksista, jotka jaettiin yhteisopetuksen tuomia voimavaroja ja vaatimuksia kuvaaviin kokonaisuuksiin. Yhteisopetuksen voimavarat liittyivät työparilta saatuun tukeen, työkuorman jakamiseen, työn intensiteettiin ja työaikaan. Vaatimukset liittyivät opetuksen suunnitteluun, toteutukseen ja arviointiin, työparin väliseen suhteeseen, työparin poissaoloihin, suuriin ryhmäkokoihin sekä vastuiden ja roolien jakamiseen. Tulokset osoittavat, että luokanopettajat kokevat yhteisopetuksen lisäävän työn voimavaroja enemmän kuin vaatimuksia. Toisin sanoen yhteisopetuksen tuomat voimavarat korostuivat luokanopettajien vastauksissa selvästi vaatimuksia enemmän. Kaikki haastateltavat kokivat yhteisopettajuuden edistäneen omaa työhyvinvointiaan ainakin jossain määrin. Yksin opettamiseen verrattuna työhyvinvoinnin koettiin joko parantuneen tai säilyneen vähintään yhtä hyvänä. Mikäli työhyvinvoinnin koettiin heikentyneen, sen koettiin johtuvan yhteisopetuksen ulkopuolisista tekijöistä, kuten sisäilmaongelmista

Теоретичні та прикладні аспекти застосування геоінформаційних технологій при розробці ландшафтно-екологічних карт регіонів (на прикладі Харківської області)

Проаналізовано напрямки, види і методи розробки ландшафтно-екологічних карт. Методику їх створення розглянуто на прикладі окремого регіону Харківської області. Застосування геоінформаційних технологій в процесі створення таких карт, зокрема програмного продукту ArcGIS, дає змогу адекватно оцінити вплив антропогенних і техногенних факторів на якість навколишнього середовища, провести їх комплексний аналіз та визначити відповідний обсяг природоохоронних заходів. Directions, kinds and methods of development of landscapes ecological cards, are analysed. The method of their creation is considered on the example of separate region of the Kharkov region. Use of geoinformation technologies in the process of creation of similar cards, in particular program product of ARCGIS will enable it is adequate to estimate influence of technogenic factors on quality of environment, to execute their complex analysis and to define the proper volume of nature protections measures

Role of thyroid transcription factor-1 and P63 immunocytochemistry in cytologic typing of non-small cell lung carcinomas

AbstractPurposeEvaluation of the value of thyroid transcription factor (TTF-1) and P63 in subtyping of non-small cell lung cancer in cytologic material.Patients and methodsThis is a retrospective study including 40 cases of primary lung lesions who underwent image guided FNAC from pulmonary nodules. The final histopathologic diagnosis was the gold standard. Cell blocks were stained with anti-TTF-1, and P63. Nuclear immunoreactivity for both markers was considered specific. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, of the cytologic diagnosis and of the two markers, as well as the accuracy of the combined markers were calculated.ResultsCytomorphology achieved a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 91%, PPV of 91%, and NPV of 83.3%, for the diagnosis of AC, and 91% sensitivity, 83.3% specificity, 83.3% PPV, and 91% NPV, for the diagnosis of SCC. The concordance between cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses of AC and SCC was 87%. TTF-1 achieved 87.5% sensitivity, 94.7% specificity, 95.5% PPV, and 85.7% NPV for AC, while P63 achieved 94.7% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity, 94.7% PPV, and 95.8% NPV for SCC. TTF-1 enhanced the sensitivity of cytomorphology for AC from 83.3% to 87.5%, and specificity from 91% to 94.7%. Similarly P63 enhanced the sensitivity for SCC from 91% to 94.7%, and specificity from 83.3% to 95.8%.ConclusionTTF-1 achieved moderate sensitivity, and high specificity in the diagnosis of AC, while P63 was highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of SCC. Immunocytochemistry raised the sensitivity and specificity of FNAC in diagnosing AC and SCC using TTF-1 and P63, respectively

Application of Trenchless Construction Technology in Construction of Water Supply and Drainage in Urban Road Construction

With the development of society, for the laying and repairing of urban drainage pipes system has been from the excavation technology operation and gradually transformed into trenchless technology operation. In this paper, the application of trenchless construction technology for urban road construction is studied, and the introduction, characteristics, scope and measures of trenchless construction in urban road construction are discussed