Extragalactic Background Light expected from photon-photon absorption on spectra of distant Active Galactic Nuclei

Extragalactic background radiation blocks the propagation of TeV gamma-ray over large distances by producing e+e− pairs. As a result, primary spectrum of gamma-source is changed, depending on spectrum of background light. So, hard spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei with high red shifts allow the determination of a EBL spectrum. The redshifts of SHALON TeV gamma-ray sources range from 0.018 to 1.375 those spectra are resolved at the energies from 800GeV to 30 TeV. Spectral energy distribution of EBL constrained from observations of Mkn421 (z=0.031), Mkn501 (z=0.034), Mkn180 (z=0.046), OJ287 (z=0.306), 3c454.3 (z=0.859) and 1739+5220(z=1.375) together with models and measurements are presented

Very high energy gamma-ray emission of NGC 1275 and 3c382 and the possible activity nature of the Seyfert Galaxies

Galaxy NGC 1275 is the central dominant galaxy of the Perseus Cluster of Galaxies and is of Seyfert galaxy class. NGC 1275 is known as powerful X-ray and radio source. In 1996 year a new metagalactic source was detected by SHALON at TeV energies.This object was identified with Seyfert galaxy NGC1275. Theimage and spectral energy distribution of NGC 1275 as well as 3c382 are presented. The recent detection by the Fermi LAT of gamma-rays from the NGC1275 makes the observation of the energy E > 100 GeV part of its broadband spectrum particularly interesting. The available high and very high energy datafor NGC 1275 are well fitted in this model with three components

Particle acceleration in binaries

Cygnus X-3 massive binary system is one of the powerful sources of radio and X-ray emission consisting of an accreting compact object, probably a black hole, with a Wolf-Rayet star companion. Based on the detections of ultra high energy gamma-rays by Kiel and Havera Park, Cygnus X-3 has been proposed to be one of the most powerful sources of charged cosmic ray particles in the Galaxy. The results of long-term observations of the Cyg X-3 binary at energies 800 GeV–85 TeV detected by SHALON in 1995 are presented with images, integral spectra and spectral energy distribution. The identification of source with Cygnus X-3 detected by SHALON was secured by the detection of its 4.8 hour orbital period in TeV gamma-rays. During the whole observation period of Cyg X-3 with SHALON significant flux increases were detected at energies above 0.8 TeV. These TeV flux increases are correlated with flaring activity at a lower energy range of X-ray and/or at observations of Fermi LAT as well as with radio emission from the relativistic jets of Cygnus X-3. The variability of very high-energy gamma-radiation and correlation of radiation activity in the wide energy range can provide essential information on particle mechanism production up to very high energies. Whereas, modulation of very high energy emission connected to the orbital motion of the binary system, provides an understanding of the emission processes, nature and location of particle acceleration

Particle acceleration in binaries

Cygnus X-3 massive binary system is one of the powerful sources of radio and X-ray emission consisting of an accreting compact object, probably a black hole, with a Wolf-Rayet star companion. Based on the detections of ultra high energy gamma-rays by Kiel and Havera Park, Cygnus X-3 has been proposed to be one of the most powerful sources of charged cosmic ray particles in the Galaxy. The results of long-term observations of the Cyg X-3 binary at energies 800 GeV–85 TeV detected by SHALON in 1995 are presented with images, integral spectra and spectral energy distribution. The identification of source with Cygnus X-3 detected by SHALON was secured by the detection of its 4.8 hour orbital period in TeV gamma-rays. During the whole observation period of Cyg X-3 with SHALON significant flux increases were detected at energies above 0.8 TeV. These TeV flux increases are correlated with flaring activity at a lower energy range of X-ray and/or at observations of Fermi LAT as well as with radio emission from the relativistic jets of Cygnus X-3. The variability of very high-energy gamma-radiation and correlation of radiation activity in the wide energy range can provide essential information on particle mechanism production up to very high energies. Whereas, modulation of very high energy emission connected to the orbital motion of the binary system, provides an understanding of the emission processes, nature and location of particle acceleration

Hodnocení subchronického působení atrazinu na raka (Cherax destructor)

The evaluation of the sub-chronic exposure to atrazine on crayfish The aim of this study is to evaluate the sub-chronic effect of atrazin on a behaviour, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme aktivities and biochemical profile of haemolymph in. These complex data should help to appraise the impact of this substance in the environment. The total test duration was 28 days and was divided into two periods. The first 14 days the crayfish were exposed to two concentrations of atrazine: 6.86 micrograms per liter (ATRenv = environmental concentration in the water in the Czech Republic) and 1.21 milligrams per liter (ATR10% = is coincident to 10% LC50). After the atrazine treatments the depuration 2 weeks phases in water without any chemicals followed. The results indicate that sub-chronic effect of atrazine influenced neither the behaviour of the crayfish nor the level of oxidative stress (measured by TBARS), whereas the changes of superoxiddismutase (SOD) were observed in all tissues (muscles, gills and hepatopancreas). The changes of enzyme activity were observed in catalase (CAT; hepatopancreas and the muscle tissue), glutathione S-transferase (hepatopancreas and the gills tissue), glutathione reductase (GR; the hepatopancreas tissue) and reduced glutathione (the muscle tissue). The influence of ATRenv on the biochemical profile of haemolymph at the following parameters was estimated only for lactate and alkaline, however phosphatase changes made by ATR10% were significant for glucose, ammonia, lactate and alkaline phosphatase measurements. The sub-chronical effect changed the activity of all antioxidant enzymes in hepatopancreas, muscles and the gills tissue of the observed crayfish. The presented results in this study are giving compact information of impact of atrazine on the crayfish and the whole water environment. The suggestion of using the crayfish for tests of toxicity looks like an ideal supplement for triazine herbicide estimations

Generation of Cosmic rays in Historical Supernova Remnants

We present the results of observations of two types of Galactic supernova remnants with the SHALON mirror Cherenkov telescope of Tien-Shan high-mountain Observatory: the shell-type supernova remnants Tycho, Cas A and IC 443; plerions Crab Nebula, 3c58(SN1181) and Geminga (probably plerion). The experimental data have confirmed the prediction of the theory about the hadronic generation mechanism of very high energy (800 GeV - 100 TeV) gamma-rays in Tycho's supernova remnant. The data obtainedsuggest that the very high energy gamma-ray emission in the objects being discussedis different in origin

On the origin of the TeV gamma-ray emission from Cygnus X-3

Cygnus X-3 binary system is a famous object studied over the wide range of electromagnetic spectrum. Early detections of ultra-high energy gamma-rays from Cygnus X-3 by Kiel, Havera Park and then by Akeno triggered the construction of several large air shower detectors. Also, Cygnus X-3 has been proposed to be one of the most powerful sources of charged cosmic ray particles in the Galaxy. The results of twenty-year observations of the Cyg X-3 binary at energies 800 GeV - 85 TeV are presented with images, spectra during periods of flaring activity and at low flux periods. The correlation of TeV flux increases with flaring activity at the lower energy range of X-ray and radio emission from the relativistic jets of Cygnus X-3 is found as well as 4.8-hour orbital modulation of TeV γ-ray intensity. Detected modulation of TeV γ-ray emission with orbit and important characteristics of Cyg X-3 such as the high luminosity of the companion star and the close orbit leads to an efficient generation of γ-ray emission through inverse Compton scattering in this object. The different type variability of very high-energy γ-emission and correlation of radiation activity in the wide energy range can provide essential information on the mechanism of particle production up to very high energies