Microwave assisted solvent free synthesis of 1,3-diphenylpropenones

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>1,3-Diphenylpropenones (chalcones) are well known for their diverse array of bioactivities. Hydroxyl group substituted chalcones are the main precursor in the synthesis of flavonoids. Till date various methods have been developed for the synthesis of these very interesting molecules. Continuing our efforts for the development of simple, eco-friendly and cost-effective methodologies, we report here a solvent free condensation of aryl ketones and aldehydes using iodine impregnated alumina under microwave activation. This new protocol has been applied to a variety of substituted aryl carbonyls with excellent yield of substituted 1,3-diphenylpropenones.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Differently substituted chalcones were synthesized using iodine impregnated neutral alumina as catalyst in 79-95% yield in less than 2 minutes time under microwave activation without using any solvent. The reaction was studied under different catalytic conditions and it was found that molecular iodine supported over neutral alumina gives the best yield. The otherwise difficult single step condensation of hydroxy substituted aryl carbonyls is an attractive feature of this protocol to obtain polyhydroxychalcones in excellent yields. In order to find out the general applicability of this new endeavor it was successfully applied for the synthesis of 15 different chalcones including highly bioactive prenylated hydroxychalcone xanthohumol.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A new, simple and solvent free method was developed for the synthesis of substituted chalcones in environmentally benign way. The mild reaction conditions, easy work-up, clean reaction profiles render this approach as an interesting alternative to the existing methods.</p

Ultrasonic intensification as a tool for enhanced microbial biofuel yields

peer-reviewedUltrasonication has recently received attention as a novel bioprocessing tool for process intensification in many areas of downstream processing. Ultrasonic intensification (periodic ultrasonic treatment during the fermentation process) can result in a more effective homogenization of biomass and faster energy and mass transfer to biomass over short time periods which can result in enhanced microbial growth. Ultrasonic intensification can allow the rapid selective extraction of specific biomass components and can enhance product yields which can be of economic benefit. This review focuses on the role of ultrasonication in the extraction and yield enhancement of compounds from various microbial sources, specifically algal and cyanobacterial biomass with a focus on the production of biofuels. The operating principles associated with the process of ultrasonication and the influence of various operating conditions including ultrasonic frequency, power intensity, ultrasonic duration, reactor designs and kinetics applied for ultrasonic intensification are also described

A biodegradable porous composite scaffold of PCL/BCP containing Ang-(1-7) for bone tissue engineering Um suporte compósito poroso biodegradável de PCL/BCP contendo Ang-(1-7) para engenharia de tecido ósseo

Highly porous three-dimensional biodegradable scaffolds was obtained from beta-tricalcium phosphate-hydroxyapatite bioceramic (BCP), PCL, and Angiotensin-(1-7). We used the solvent casting and particulate leaching methods (SC/PL). The processed scaffolds were characterized by X-ray microtomography (µ-CT). Biocompatibility tests in vitro were performed during three and seven days using MTT and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (APA) assays. Both the MTT activity and APA were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA test. The µ-CT results showed that the increase of the PCL:BCP weight ratio leads to structures with lower pore sizes. The pore interconnectivity of the processed scaffolds was evaluated in terms of the fragmentation index (FI). We observed that the obtained composites present poorly connected structures, with close values of FI. However, as the polymer phase is almost transparent to the X-rays, it was not taken into consideration in the µ-CT tests. The MTT activity assay revealed that scaffolds obtained with and without Angiotensin-(1-7) present mild and moderate cytotoxic effects, respectively. The APA assay showed that the rat osteoblasts, when in contact for three days with the PCL composites, presented an APA similar to that observed for the control cells. Nevertheless, for an incubation time of seven days we observed a remarkable decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activity. In conclusion, using the solvent casting and salt leaching method we obtained 3D porous that are composites of PCL, BC and Ang-(1-7), which have suitable shapes for the bone defects, a high porosity and interconnect pores. Furthermore, the viability in vitro showed that the scaffolds have potential for drug delivery system and could be used in future in vivo tests.A estrutura de um biomaterial para regeneração óssea é fator chave para seu sucesso clínico. Não existe um único biomaterial usado para reparo e regeneração óssea capaz de preencher todos os requisitos para um enxerto ósseo ideal. Assim, optou-se por utilizar neste estudo dois biomateriais largamente utilizados na engenharia de tecido ósseo, a policaprolactona (PCL) e cerâmica bifásica (BCP). Neste estudo, compósitos porosos tridimensionais de PCL:BCP (3:1 e 1:1 p:p) foram fabricados utilizando a combinação das técnicas de evaporação do solvente e lavagem de partículas de sal com ou sem a adição de Angiotensina (Ang)-(1-7). Os compósitos de PCL:BCP com alta porosidade e interconectividade obtidos foram analisados usando microtomografia computadorizada (µ-CT). A viabilidade dos compósitos com e sem a adição da Ang-(1-7) foram analisados utilizando osteoblastos de cultura primária nos períodos de 3 e 7 dias utilizando o teste de MTT e secreção de Fosfatase Alcalina. Diferenças significativas de todas as variáveis foram testadas através de análises multivariáveis (p<0,05). Demonstrou-se uma estrutura mais uniformemente distribuída quando a razão PCL/BCP foi aumentada. A conectividade dos poros foi mensurada através do índice de fragmentação (FI) demonstrando estruturas desconexas nas amostras analisadas possuindo valores de FI próximos. Quanto maior a razão PCL/BCP, maior a dimensão fractal (FD). Análises in vitro utilizando o teste do MTT demonstraram que as amostras contendo ou não Ang-(1-7) possuíram efeitos citotóxico médio e moderado, respectivamente. A análise da atividade de fosfatase alcalina não monstrou diferença entre as amostras no período de 3 dias decrescendo sua atividade nas amostras contendo Ang-(1-7) no período de 7 dias. Dessa forma, utilizando a combinação das técnicas de evaporação do solvente e lavagem do sal, obtiveram-se estruturas porosas tridimensionais, desejável para defeitos ósseos tendo capacidade para sistema de transporte de drogas podendo ser avaliada em futuros testes in vivo

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the biocompatibility of a calcium phosphate/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) composite

This study assess the effects of bioceramic and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) composite (BCP/PLGA) on the viability of cultured macrophages and human dental pulp fibroblasts, and we sought to elucidate the temporal profile of the reaction of pulp capping with a composite of bioceramic of calcium phosphate and biodegradable polymer in the progression of delayed dentine bridge after (30 and 60 days) in vivo. Histological evaluation of inflammatory infiltrate and dentin bridge formation were performed after 30 and 60 days. There was similar progressive fibroblast growth in all groups and the macrophages showed viability. The in vivo study showed that of the three experimental groups: BCP/PLGA composite, BCP and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) dentin bridging was the most prevalent (90 %) in the BCP/PLGA composite after 30 days, mild to moderate inflammatory response was present throughout the pulp after 30 days. After 60 days was observed dentine bridging in 60 % and necrosis in 40 %, in both groups. The results indicate that understanding BCP/PLGA composite is biocompatible and by the best tissue response as compared to calcium hydroxide in direct pulp capping may be important in the mechanism of delayed dentine bridge after 30 and 60 days.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento (CAPES)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento (CAPES)INCT - Nanobiofar/CNPqINCT Nanobiofar/CNP

Improvement of genistein content in solid genistein/-cyclodextrin complexes &#946;

Genistein:&#946;-cyclodextrin complexes with high drug loading (19.22%) were prepared by freeze-drying and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spatial configuration of the complex was proposed by means of 2D-NOESY experiment combined with molecular modeling. According to the results obtained, the interaction of genistein with &#946; -cyclodextrin in a 1:1 complex is supposed to occur mainly through the insertion of the guest A-ring in cyclodextrin cavity, without rule out the possibility of inclusion through the B-ring, as previously reported in the literature