THE DYNAMICS OF RAPE IN MODERN INDIAN SOCIETY

Rape is malum in se. In modern India the institution of rape has flourishedimmensely in recent times, and presently it is a national problem. It is a challenge to thecontemporary thinking. Gender equality is enshrined in the Indian constitution. In ancienttimes rape existed in Europe while women in India had divine personification as Shakti andin modern times millions of Indians visit Shakti temples with liberal offerings.This paper addresses dynamics of rape with particular reference to India. Rape is amultidimensional and dynamic phenomenon. Its perception may vary from radical to liberal,and the legal definition keeps evolving. Mathematically it may be modeled as a space-timefunction. In 2013 the definition of rape was revised both in India and US. It, however,differs. The paper examines recently introduced Indian law to reduce rape incidents.There are various areas which need attention to have insight into the phenomenon ofrape and measures to control the incidents. This includes understanding the effect of socioeconomic-demographic predictor variables in reduction of the incidents. The authors haveapplied statistical analysis using correlation to rape data from all the 35 regions of Indiawith eleven socio-economic-demographic predictor variables to find the effect of thevariables on incidents of rape. It was found that only literacy status, or literacy status as aproxy, for male and female in urban population indicated significant desirable effect on thenumber of rape incidents. This sets a direction for further research. The rape challenge shouldbe addressed with afresh look from multidisciplinary perspective besides law andenforcement. The fusion of data, analyses, and ideas including from sociological, cultural,psychological, and religious aspects, and encouraging merging of tools from disciplines,should provide an insightful and sound approach to find solution to the intractable socialproblem. Also social change with the universal wisdom thoughts of great minds like MahatmaGandhi and Elie Wiesel is desirable to eliminate ills, including rape, from the modern society

Elastic recovery properties of polyester-cotton blended Eli-Twist yarns

420-423The influence of blend ratio, as well as amplitude and rate of extension on recovery properties of polyester-cotton blended Eli-Twist yarns have been studied. The composition of the yarn and the testing parameters are found to play important role in deciding the recovery characteristics of the yarn. A higher rate of extension is found to result in more immediate recovery, while a low rate of extension results in higher permanent deformation and low immediate recovery. On the contrary, the increase in amplitude of extension results in low immediate recovery and higher permanent deformation. Increase in the percentage of polyester assists higher recovery and low permanent deformation

Comparative assessment of Eli-Twist and TFO yarns

An attempt has been made to compare the properties of Eli-Twist yarn with those of conventional TFO yarn. Yarns ofthree compositions (100% Polyester, 50/50 Polyester/Cotton and 100% Cotton) were produced on Eli-Twist and ringspinning systems. Three different counts (39.4tex, 29.5tex and 23.6tex) from each composition have been produced,maintaining 40 twist factor for all the yarns. Hairiness, tensile strength, breaking extension, diameter, abrasion resistanceand coefficient of friction have been measured and then compared with those of conventional ring-spun TFO yarn. The massirregularity and imperfections are found more or less similar in both the yarns, while Eli-Twist yarn exhibits higher breakingstrength and breaking extension. Both coefficient of friction and abrasion resistance of Eli-Twist yarn are found to be low ascompared to ring- spun TFO yarn

Comparative assessment of Eli-Twist and Siro yarn made from polyester and its blend with cotton

An attempt has been made to compare the properties of Eli-Twist yarn with Siro yarn. Three yarns with three selectivecompositions using cotton and polyester are produced on both Eli-Twist and Siro spinning systems. Yarns of three counts(39.4, 29.5 and 23.6 tex) from each composition have been produced maintaining 4.2 TM for all. Unevenness, hairiness, tensilestrength, breaking extension, diameter, abrasion resistance and coefficient of friction of yarns are measured and then compared.Eli-Twist yarns are found more uniform with less protruding fibres on the surface. It also produces stronger and more extensibleyarn. Higher abrasion resistance and low coefficient of friction may widen the application field of Eli-Twist yarn

Elastic recovery properties of polyester-cotton blended Eli-Twist yarns

The influence of blend ratio, as well as amplitude and rate of extension on recovery properties of polyester-cottonblended Eli-Twist yarns have been studied. The composition of the yarn and the testing parameters are found to playimportant role in deciding the recovery characteristics of the yarn. A higher rate of extension is found to result in moreimmediate recovery, while a low rate of extension results in higher permanent deformation and low immediate recovery. Onthe contrary, the increase in amplitude of extension results in low immediate recovery and higher permanent deformation.Increase in the percentage of polyester assists higher recovery and low permanent deformation

TYPICAL DERMATOSIS IN KWASHIORKOR

Protein-energy malnutrition is the most widespread nutritional deficiency disorder in India, commonly occurring in children aged 6 months-2 years,as per the National Family Health Survey, 2007. The dermatologic manifestations are more florid and characteristic in kwashiorkor than in marasmus.Here, we present a case of a 1½ years old male, with extensive skin lesions, owing to severe malnutrition. Malnourishment is one of the foremostconditions seen in the developing countries. It is essential to provide adequate nutritional support to the growing children and to impart proper education to the mothers with regard to weaning and care during the illness of children aged under 5 years

Migration characteristics of Eli-Twist yarn and its comparison with Siro yarn

An attempt has been made to investigate the migration characteristics in polyester and cotton Eli-Twist yarn. Three different counts (39.4, 29.5 and 23.6 tex) from each composition have been produced maintaining 40 twist factor for each. For comparative study, the 29.5 tex yarn of two compositions from cotton and polyester are produced on Eli-Twist and Siro spinning systems. The mean fibre position for Eli-Twist polyester yarn is found to be less than that of cotton yarn. Both root mean square deviation and mean migration intensity in Eli-Twist yarn are found to be higher, while mean fibre position is lower as compared to Siro yarn.

Moisture transport behaviour of Eli-Twist knitted fabric and its comparison with fabric made from yarns spun on different spinning systems

In this study, moisture management properties of knitted fabrics from Eli-Twist polyester and cotton yarns have been investigated. A comparative analysis with knitted fabrics from conventional ring-spun, siro-spun and compact yarns has also been made to assess its suitability. It is observed that polyester and cotton fabrics made from Eli-Twist yarn show very good permeability and moisture management characteristics.

Migration characteristics of Eli-Twist yarn and its comparison with Siro yarn

444-449An attempt has been made to investigate the migration characteristics in polyester and cotton Eli-Twist yarn. Three different counts (39.4, 29.5 and 23.6 tex) from each composition have been produced maintaining 40 twist factor for each. For comparative study, the 29.5 tex yarn of two compositions from cotton and polyester are produced on Eli-Twist and Siro spinning systems. The mean fibre position for Eli-Twist polyester yarn is found to be less than that of cotton yarn. Both root mean square deviation and mean migration intensity in Eli-Twist yarn are found to be higher, while mean fibre position is lower as compared to Siro yarn

Seed Quality Markers: A Review

INTRODUCTION Seed provides food, feed, fibre and most importantly conserve the species in the form of a tiny size to adapt to the environment. Seed is the harbinger for agricultural productivity; however, burgeoning population, reduction in land holding size due to urbanization and tremendous demand for quality food is an upcoming challenges to be confronted. Under such odds, it is inevitable to have quality seeds that enable successful stand establishment and crop improvement. Seed quality comprises of seed germination, vigour, genetic purity and health estate of seed [1] . Quality seeds germinate completely at faster rate with vigorous seedlings of little sensitivity to climatic changes that enable them to adapt broad range of environmental conditions Recent studies have demonstrated some evidence as potential markers at biochemical, molecular levels. Antioxidants, integrity of membrane determination by electrolyte leakage, ethylene production during imbitions phase, changes in raffinose family oligosachharides and 11 S globulin β-subunit, late embyrogenesis abundant protein and heat shock protein changes are reliable indicators of seed germination, performance, maturity and seed priming treatments Antioxidants Seed quality maintenance during seed production is inevitable as reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis takes place during metabolic process. ROS comprises of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen which has adverse Review Article ABSTRACT Seed is a basic input for agriculture productivity and germplasm conservation. Seed quality predominantly comprises of germination and vigour which are quintessential for successful stand establishment. On the other hand, seed industries are thriving to improve the crop yield through control of seed vigour. Possibilities of seed vigour could be improved by seed priming and post-harvest processing. So far, during seed production at a commercial scale, maturity used to monitor visually which necessitates the expertise of growers. It is the need of the hour to develop markers that aid in identifying optimum harvest time. Markers could be developed by clearly understanding the physiological, biochemical, molecular mechanisms involved in seed quality (germination and vigour). From the recent studies, several promising markers such as cell cycle markers, electrolyte leakage, ethylene production, sugar metabolism, proteins, antioxidants and telomeres have been suggested as reliable markers to monitor the seed quality process. Such markers not only help to identify the seedling stages but also facilitate a better understanding of seed priming treatments. effects on lipids, DNA, RNA, and proteins that ultimately leads to cell death. The condition could be more deteriorative if the seed biochemical composition is enriched with oil/lipid content. For example, ROS damages the integrity of cell membranes, alters the permeability and fluidity through peroxidation of lipids Antioxidants such as tocopherols, phenols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and thiols are non-enzymatic in nature whereas, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase are the major enzymatic moieties. The enzymatic antioxidants mainly execute its function through detoxification mechanisms. For example, superoxide (free radical) has been dismutated by SOD to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Further, catalase detoxifies the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. These enzyme activities are directly correlated with ROS maintenance at non-toxic levels which may serve as markers. Bailley et al. Membrane Integrity Unlike recalcitrant seeds, orthodox seeds undergo desiccation tolerance after maturation. Membrane integrity is one of the important features to confront the desiccation tolerance to remain seed viability Ethylene as Indicator Ethylene synthesis in higher plants takes place through 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase activity Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides (RFO) In addition to the above markers, some molecules such as RFO are of particular interest. RFO accumulates during seed maturation and helps to maintain the intracellular contents in glassy state through increase in cytoplasmic viscosity and glass to liquid transition temperatures. These modifications help in to restrain ageing effect Cell Cycle Markers In higher plants, the embryo development needs endosperm nourishment. In angiosperms, the embryo is formed by the fusion of one nucleus from male gametophyte and the other from female gametophyte. Thus, the embryo is in 2 n stage representing a dploid genome (2n). In seeds, at different developmental stages mitotic/endoreduplication takes place, as a result, physiological state of a seed could be easily understood. In embryo, a typical proliferative cell undergoes mitosis where 2 n is duplicated to 4 n condition after 'S' phase; thereafter, in mitosis where the DNA content is divided into two daughter nuclei (4 n to 2 n) as depicted in Unlike embryonic cells, some endosperm cells undergo endoreduplication where repeated rounds of DNA replication occur in nuclei without the mitotic stage which leads to formation of endopolyploid cells. This striking feature could be studied through flow cytometry to estimate the DNA content with fluorochrome Figure 2. Typical proliferative cell cycle stages in embryo. In embryo, a typical proliferative cell undergoes mitosis where 2n is duplicated to 4n condition after 'S' phase; thereafter, in mitosis where the DNA content is divided into two daughter nuclei (4n to 2n). In case of non-proliferative cells (seed maturation stage) it undergoes quiescent G 0 stage from G 1 phase. From the above discussion, it is imperative to deduce a yardstick of seed maturity with the ratio of endosperm to embryo nuclei which will provide the insights. Several reports suggested the utility of endosperm to embryo ratio; for example, in sugarbeet, it is about 3:2 and 9:1 at 21 day old developing and 36 (mature) day old seeds respectivel