A SYSTEMIC REVIEW ON THE FUTURE OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY: HARNESSING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.

There is a burgeoning interest in the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) within the realm of medical research, which exhibits considerable potential for forthcoming advancements. Obstetrics and gynecology encompass specialized disciplines that are associated with a heightened susceptibility to legal matters and suboptimal clinical outcomes. Multiple challenges exist in these domains, encompassing the comprehension of fetal physiology and the precise prognostication of prenatal and labor monitoring. The field of gynecology encounters intricacies within the realm of molecular biology, particularly in the comprehension of gynecological malignancies. This review aims to explore the potential applications of AI within the field of obstetrics and gynecology. The present study aims to investigate the potential utility of AI in enhancing comprehension of fundamental principles within various domains, with a particular focus on its potential impact on the healthcare sector. In the realm of obstetrics and gynecology, AI exhibits considerable potential in tackling enduring obstacles and aiding healthcare providers in their decision-making processes

Study of underlying particle spectrum during huge X-ray flare of Mkn 421 in April 2013

Context: In April 2013, the nearby (z=0.031) TeV blazar, Mkn 421, showed one of the largest flares in X-rays since the past decade. Aim: To study all multiwavelength data available during MJD 56392 to 56403, with special emphasis on X-ray data, and understand the underlying particle energy distribution. Methods: We study the correlations between the UV and gamma bands with the X-ray band using the z-transformed discrete correlation function. We model the underlying particle spectrum with a single population of electrons emitting synchrotron radiation, and do a statistical fitting of the simultaneous, time-resolved data from the Swift-XRT and the NuSTAR. Results: There was rapid flux variability in the X-ray band, with a minimum doubling timescale of $1.69 \pm 0.13$ hrs. There were no corresponding flares in UV and gamma bands. The variability in UV and gamma rays are relatively modest with $\sim 8 \%$ and $\sim 16 \%$ respectively, and no significant correlation was found with the X-ray light curve. The observed X-ray spectrum shows clear curvature which can be fit by a log parabolic spectral form. This is best explained to originate from a log parabolic electron spectrum. However, a broken power law or a power law with an exponentially falling electron distribution cannot be ruled out either. Moreover, the excellent broadband spectrum from $0.3-79$ keV allows us to make predictions of the UV flux. We find that this prediction is compatible with the observed flux during the low state in X-rays. However, during the X-ray flares, the predicted flux is a factor of $2-50$ smaller than the observed one. This suggests that the X-ray flares are plausibly caused by a separate population which does not contribute significantly to the radiation at lower energies. Alternatively, the underlying particle spectrum can be much more complex than the ones explored in this work.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, Accepted in A&

The Body Shop "Forever Against Animal Testing”

Body Shop is a well-known cruelty-free cosmetics brand company. This research paper explores how Body Shop is running the campaign 'forever against animal testing' and raising its voice for banning animal testing in cosmetics. The Body Shop has been advocating for animal rights since 1989. Qualitative analysis techniques have been used in this research paper and information is obtained through a questioner focused on convenient sampling. We have discovered in our research that most consumers do not want to purchase goods which are created by harming animals. In manufacturing cosmetics, we say companies must use alternative artificial testing like Body Shop

Voltage Gated Calcium Channels Negatively Regulate Protective Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates levels and activity of key intracellular second messengers to evade protective immune responses. Calcium release from voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) regulates immune responses to pathogens. In this study, we investigated the roles of VGCC in regulating protective immunity to mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo. Inhibiting L-type or R-type VGCC in dendritic cells (DCs) either using antibodies or by siRNA increased calcium influx in an inositol 1,4,5-phosphate and calcium release calcium activated channel dependent mechanism that resulted in increased expression of genes favoring pro-inflammatory responses. Further, VGCC-blocked DCs activated T cells that in turn mediated killing of M. tuberculosis inside macrophages. Likewise, inhibiting VGCC in infected macrophages and PBMCs induced calcium influx, upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and resulted in enhanced killing of intracellular M. tuberculosis. Importantly, compared to healthy controls, PBMCs of tuberculosis patients expressed higher levels of both VGCC, which were significantly reduced following chemotherapy. Finally, blocking VGCC in vivo in M. tuberculosis infected mice using specific antibodies increased intracellular calcium and significantly reduced bacterial loads. These results indicate that L-type and R-type VGCC play a negative role in M. tuberculosis infection by regulating calcium mobilization in cells that determine protective immunity

CHSI costing study-Challenges and solutions for cost data collection in private hospitals in India

INTRODUCTION: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) has enabled the Government of India to become a strategic purchaser of health care services from private providers. To generate base cost evidence for evidence-based policymaking the Costing of Health Services in India (CHSI) study was commissioned in 2018 for the price setting of health benefit packages. This paper reports the findings of a process evaluation of the cost data collection in the private hospitals. METHODS: The process evaluation of health system costing in private hospitals was an exploratory survey with mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). We used three approaches-an online survey using a semi-structured questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and a review of monitoring data. The process of data collection was assessed in terms of time taken for different aspects, resources used, level and nature of difficulty encountered, challenges and solutions. RESULTS: The mean time taken for data collection in a private hospital was 9.31 (± 1.0) person months including time for obtaining permissions, actual data collection and entry, and addressing queries for data completeness and quality. The longest time was taken to collect data on human resources (30%), while it took the least time for collecting information on building and space (5%). On a scale of 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) difficulty levels, the data on human resources was the most difficult to collect. This included data on salaries (8), time allocation (5.5) and leaves (5). DISCUSSION: Cost data from private hospitals is crucial for mixed health systems. Developing formal mechanisms of cost accounting data and data sharing as pre-requisites for empanelment under a national insurance scheme can significantly ease the process of cost data collection

Post-vasectomy pain syndrome: diagnosis, management and treatment options

Vasectomy is the most effective form of sterilization for men. With approximately 500,000 vasectomies performed each year in the United States, 1-2% of these patients will experience chronic testicular pain for greater than three months after the procedure. Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is diagnosis of exclusion, and may be caused by direct damage to spermatic cord structures, compression of nerves in the spermatic cord via inflammation, back pressure from epididymal congestion, and perineural fibrosis. Treatment should begin with the most noninvasive options and progress towards surgical management if symptoms persist. Noninvasive therapies include acupuncture, pelvic floor therapy and pharmacologic options. Ultimately, management of PVPS requires a multimodal approach. Thorough understanding of the potential etiologies of PVPS along with the therapeutic options currently available is important to improve quality of life

Liposuction and lipofilling for treatment of symptomatic silicone toxicosis of the gluteal region

Silicone injection can cause numerous posttreatment complications-including debilitating pain, cellulitis, abscesses, overlying skin compromise, and siliconomas distorting overlying tissues-that can be difficult to manage. The authors evaluate liposuction as a treatment for patients experiencing complications from silicone injections to the gluteal region, to both preserve aesthetic appearance and minimize further risk of complication from these procedures. Eight patients (7 women and 1 man) who presented consecutively to us between 2010 and 2013 with complications from silicone injections to their gluteal region were enrolled in this study. Each patient was evaluated by computed tomography scan and a 0 to 6 visual analog scale for pain. Emergency room (ER) visits, previous hospital admissions, and cellulitis requiring antibiotics in the 12 months prior to treatment were recorded. Patients were treated with ultrasonic and standard liposuction followed by lipotransfer into the gluteal musculature. A Student t test was used for statistical comparison of pre- and postoperative values. Average patient age was 36 years (range, 25-43 years). All patients initially presented with intense pain as assessed by a visual analog scale; by the 12th week postoperatively, the entire cohort experienced remission in pain. At 1 year postoperatively, no patients had infections (vs 75% preoperatively; P = .028), visited the ER (vs 50% preoperatively; P = .058), or were hospitalized (vs an average of 1.5 hospitalizations per patient preoperatively; P = .066). Liposuction with immediate intramuscular fat transfer for buttock augmentation appears to be a safe surgical option that preserves aesthetic appearance for patients with gluteal silicone toxicosis

Clinical Correlation of Conjunctival Vessel Width With Grades of Retinopathy in Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes is a chronic, progressive, metabolic disorder which is characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar) that can lead to various macrovascular (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral artery disease) and microvascular (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) complications. Diabetic Retinopathy is one such complication with high socioeconomic impact. Early diagnosis and timely intervention can prevent its progression to vision threatening complications.Purpose: to study clinical correlation between conjunctival vessel width with grades of retinopathy in diabetes mellitus.Materials and Method: 300 eyes of 150 patients of diabetes mellitus of age group 50-70 years were examined between May2020 to July2021. Anterior segment imaging for measurement of conjunctival vessel width and Posterior segment examination for the grading of diabetic retinopathy was done. All findings were noted and statistical analysis of conjunctival vessel width with grade of retinopathy was done.Results: The average conjunctival (most prominent temporal bulbar conjunctival) vessel width was 27.4μ diabetic with no retinopathy and 32.6μ in mild, 36.8μ in moderate, 40.2μ in severe and 43.9μ in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. With increasing grades of diabetic retinopathy there was increase in conjunctival vessel width (p<0.001).Conclusion: Conjunctival vessel width positively correlates with increasing grades of severity of diabetes mellitus