The Gig Is Up: California\u27s Crackdown on the Gig Economy

The typical nine-to-five job, exemplified by traditional office spaces, steady incomes, and comfortable retirements, is fundamentally shifting. Technological innovation, necessity, and the human yearning for autonomy has forged a new economic reality: the gig economy. Theoretically, the gig economy facilitates individuals’ abilities to make money and preserve personal freedom while permitting companies to categorize workers as independent contractors, not employees. The ride-hailing companies Uber and Lyft notably utilize this model in treating their drivers as independent contractors. But this choice has sparked outrage, legislation, and lawsuits by advocates arguing that such drivers are not independent contractors but employees under the law. The controversy unearths the tension between preserving traditional employee classifications versus adapting to the economic reality of work in the modern era. This Comment explores the gig economy’s rise in California, focusing on the spate of litigation disputing whether app-based Uber and Lyft drivers are employees or independent contractors. The ongoing conflict demonstrates how the gig economy upsets traditional notions undergirding employer–employee relationships and seemingly settled agency law paradigms. Using California as a bellwether, this Comment assesses the gig economy’s impact not only on workers and companies, but also on deeply-seated presumptions of what earning a living looks like in America

Theatrical Texts and Contexts: Poe and Hawthorne’s Fictional Women

Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne are arguably two of the most highly read and heavily debated nineteenth-century antebellum authors in America. Their writings fascinate readers, while their character depictions, particularly their characterizations of fictional women, prompt intense academic debate. This thesis examines the previously less-studied historical developments surrounding Poe and Hawthorne in the antebellum era that shaped their approach to writing fiction. In particular, this study scrutinizes the effects of the development of a newly popular art form, ballet, the ascendency of female authorship, and the impact of American theatrical reform upon antebellum authors’ authorial faculties, especially Hawthorne and Poe

Collaborating to Meet the Standards: Implications for Professional Development

Researchers from the University of Georgia interviewed 27 Mathematics 1 teachers about their experiences during the first year of the high school implementation of the Georgia Performance Standards (GPS). We report our findings about teachers’ experiences with Mathematics 1 professional development and describe features of professional development that teachers identified as most beneficial. Some teachers offered suggestions for professional development that differed from the professional development they had experienced. In addition, we found that many teachers used collaborative strategies to meet the demands of the new curriculum and the perceived inadequacies of resources and training. We discuss the various models of collaboration that teachers described and conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for future professional development that supports the GPS

Paper 2: Collaborating to Meet the Standards: Implications for Professional Development

Researchers from the University of Georgia interviewed 27 Mathematics 1 teachers about their experiences during the first year of the high school implementation of the Georgia Performance Standards (GPS). We report our findings about teachers’ experiences with Mathematics 1 professional development and describe features of professional development that teachers identified as most beneficial. Some teachers offered suggestions for professional development that differed from the professional development they had experienced. In addition, we found that many teachers used collaborative strategies to meet the demands of the new curriculum and the perceived inadequacies of resources and training. We discuss the various models of collaboration that teachers described and conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for future professional development that supports the GPS

A Narrative Inquiry of Recently Separated African American Army Enlisted Soldier's Experiences on Racism

The United States Army (U.S. Army) is the oldest and a leading public organization in the U.S. that has challenged racism with attempts to remove many barriers that did not allow for workforce equality and unlimited growth (Moskos & Butler, 1996). Even so, the U.S. Army struggled for years with institutional racism and issues of discrimination. Understanding how systemic racism and acts of racism affect the core of the U.S. Army organization is important in the 21st century and may assist other organizations and leaders in understanding how African Americans experience institutional racism. Many studies on racism and race issues in the U.S. Army use a quantitative lens. Furthermore, most research, books, and news articles center the research on the U.S. Army officer. That presents a gap in the understanding of how racism affects the U.S. Army as a total force. A narrative inquiry using enlisted soldiers with a Critical Race Theory framework adds to the limited research and may fill the gap in understanding institutional racism. Eight participants volunteered for three 90-minute interviews that produce five themes of qualitative data. The themes that emerged were (1) The premilitary racial bubble, (2) In-service game-changers of racism, (3) Post military polarization, (4) The overt and covert nature of racism, (5) Challenging core values. The themes provide a unique voice of color that adds to the knowledge of racism of marginalized voices that were brought forward when narrating through four questions. The questions asked were how the participants experienced racism (1) before, (2) during, and (3) after serving in the understanding about racism? Keyword 1: Critical Race Theory; Keyword 2: Microaggressions; Keyword 3: Enlisted Soldier; Keyword 4: US Army; Keyword 5: Institutional Racism;ABSTRACT i -- Chapter I 1 -- Statement of Problem 4 -- Associated Problems 5 -- Purpose of the Study 7 -- Significance of the Study 7 -- Conceptual Framework 8 -- Critical Race Theory 8 -- Differential racialization 12 -- Microaggressions 13 -- Description of Microaggressions 14 -- Definition of Terms 18 -- Conclusion 20 -- Chapter II 22 -- Introduction 22 -- The African American Experience 24 -- African American Enlisted Soldier’s Identity 29 -- Military Service 31 -- Major Historical Patterns 33 -- WWII 33 -- During the service 35 -- After Military Service 36 -- Korean War 37 -- The Vietnam War 39 -- Transitioning 40 -- Post-Vietnam through Iraq to the present 42 -- Conclusion 45 -- Chapter III 47 -- Introduction 47 -- Population and Sample 49 -- Sample Size 50 -- Accessible Participants 50 -- Selection Procedures 51 -- Data Collection 52 -- Collection Method 52 -- Data Analysis Procedures 53 -- Validity 55 -- Research Questions 58 -- Ethical Issues 59 -- Personal Identity 59 -- Introduction 69 -- The Re-stories 71 -- Melinda: “We don’t take care of each other” 71 -- Mike “We got our work cut out” 80 -- Tammy “I didn’t feel racism” 91 -- Kelvin “Racism was understood” 98 -- Anthony “The right way” 106 -- Martin “Re-think my position” 113 -- Craig “I don’t see racism” 122 -- Katie: “Integrity is everything” 131 -- Summary 136 -- Chapter V 137 -- Introduction 137 -- Premilitary Cultural Bubble 139 -- Female Head of Household 140 -- Searching for a Protector 141 -- Avoiding the discussion 142 -- Eviction & Homelessness 143 -- Polarized Schools 145 -- Crime 147 -- In-service Game Changers of Racism 148 -- Basic and Advanced Preprograming 148 -- Sameness 149 -- Permanent Party Politics 150 -- The Strength of the White Pyramid (White over Black Serves a Purpose) 151 -- Military Social Political Domination 153 -- The Color of Equality 154 -- Post Military Polarization 155 -- Socio-Economic Forced decisions 156 -- The Overt and Covert Nature of Racism 161 -- Life structure 162 -- The Big Challenge to Racism (Challenging Core Values) 165 -- Summary 167 -- Chapter VI 169 -- Introduction 169 -- Summary of Findings 170 -- The Pre-Military Racial Bubble 171 -- In-service Game Changers 173 -- Post Military Polarization 176 -- The Overt and Covert Nature of Racism 177 -- Challenging Core Values 178 -- Implications for Leaders 179 -- Limitations 181 -- Recommendations for Further Research 183 -- Conclusion 185 -- REFERENCES 188 -- APPENDIX A 199 -- Research Question Matrix 200 -- APPENDIX B 205 -- Participant Interview Timeline 205 -- APPENDIX C: 207 -- Six Part Labovian Model 207 -- APPENDEX D 209 -- Participants’ Pseudonyms and Demographics 209 -- APPENDEX E 211 -- Participants Perceptions on Racism 211 -- APPENDIX F 214 -- Permission to Conduct Study 214 -- APPENDIX G 216 -- Participant Consent Statement 216 -- APPENDIX H 219 -- Institutional Review Board Approval Letter 219Archibald, James G.Workman, JamieDees, Dianne C.Ed.D.Education in Leadershi

Efficacy and Safety of Umeclidinium Added to Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol in Patients with COPD : Results of Two Randomized, Double-Blind Studies

Combinations of drugs with distinct and complementary mechanisms of action may offer improved efficacy in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In two 12-week, double-blind, parallel-group studies, patients with COPD were randomized 1:1:1 to once-daily umeclidinium (UMEC; 62.5 μg and 125 μg) or placebo (PBO), added to twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (FP/SAL; 250/50 μg). In both studies, the primary efficacy measure was trough forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV) at Day 85. Secondary endpoints were weighted-mean (WM) FEV over 0-6 hours post-dose (Day 84) and rescue albuterol use. Health-related quality of life outcomes (St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ] and COPD assessment test [CAT]) were also examined. Safety was assessed throughout. Both UMEC+FP/SAL doses provided statistically significant improvements in trough FEV (Day 85: 0.127-0.148 L) versus PBO+FP/SAL. Similarly, both UMEC+FP/SAL doses provided statistically-significant improvements in 0-6 hours post-dose WM FEV versus PBO+FP/SAL (Day 84: 0.144-0.165 L). Rescue use over Weeks 1-12 decreased with UMEC+FP/SAL in both studies versus PBO+FP/SAL (Study 1, 0.3 puffs/day [both doses]; Study 2, 0.5 puffs/day [UMEC 125+FP/SAL]). Decreases from baseline in CAT score were generally larger for both doses of UMEC+FP/SAL versus PBO+FP/SAL (except for Day 84 Study 2). In Study 1, no differences in SGRQ score were observed between UMEC+FP/SAL and PBO+FP/SAL; however, in Study 2, statistically significant improvements were observed with UMEC 62.5+FP/SAL (Day 28) and UMEC 125+FP/SAL (Days 28 and 84) versus PBO+FP/SAL. The incidence of on-treatment adverse events across all treatment groups was 37-41% in Study 1 and 36-38% in Study 2. Overall, these data indicate that the combination of UMEC+FP/SAL can provide additional benefits over FP/SAL alone in patients with COPD

2021 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; First Aid Task Forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation initiated a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed published cardiopulmonary resuscitation science. This is the fifth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations; a more comprehensive review was done in 2020. This latest summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews in this summary include resuscitation topics of video-based dispatch systems; head-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation; early coronary angiography after return of spontaneous circulation; cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prone patient; cord management at birth for preterm and term infants; devices for administering positive-pressure ventilation at birth; family presence during neonatal resuscitation; self-directed, digitally based basic life support education and training in adults and children; coronavirus disease 2019 infection risk to rescuers from patients in cardiac arrest; and first aid topics, including cooling with water for thermal burns, oral rehydration for exertional dehydration, pediatric tourniquet use, and methods of tick removal. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence, according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations or good practice statements. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections. In addition, the task forces listed priority knowledge gaps for further research

Imaging Multidimensional Therapeutically Relevant Circadian Relationships

Circadian clocks gate cellular proliferation and, thereby, therapeutically target availability within proliferative pathways. This temporal coordination occurs within both cancerous and noncancerous proliferating tissues. The timing within the circadian cycle of the administration of drugs targeting proliferative pathways necessarily impacts the amount of damage done to proliferating tissues and cancers. Concurrently measuring target levels and associated key pathway components in normal and malignant tissues around the circadian clock provides a path toward a fuller understanding of the temporal relationships among the physiologic processes governing the therapeutic index of antiproliferative anticancer therapies. The temporal ordering among these relationships, paramount to determining causation, is less well understood using two- or three-dimensional representations. We have created multidimensional multimedia depictions of the temporal unfolding of putatively causative and the resultant therapeutic effects of a drug that specifically targets these ordered processes at specific times of the day. The systems and methods used to create these depictions are provided, as well as three example supplementary movies