Relationship between Horizontal Flow Velocity and Cell Lifetime for Supergranulation

A study of 50 supergranular cells obtained from SOHO Dopplergrams was undertaken in order to investigate the relationship between the lifetime ($T$) and the horizontal flow velocity ($v_h$) of the cells. For this sample we find that the two parameters are correlated with a relation $v_h\propto T^{0.5}$ and $T$ is identified with the eddy turn-over time. This is in agreement with the turbulent convective model of the solar atmosphere where the velocity spectrum of supergranular field given by '$v_h \propto L^{1/3}$' can be identified with the Kolmogorov spectrum for the eddy size $L$.Comment: 12th International Congress on Plasma Physics, 25-29 October 2004, Nice (France

समुद्रातल्या पिंजऱ्यातली संगोपन मत्स्यशोति

For the grow-out trials, circular cages of diameter ranging from 6-15 meters have been tried by CMFRI. However, cage diameter 6-10 is recommended for the culture of Mullet, Cobia, Pompano, Sea bass and Pearl spot. The grow-out of candidate species in caged enclosures requires proper planning and management. The critical inputs like right kind of seed, nutritionally balanced feed and routine cage maintenance activity decide the success of grow-out production. Unlike closed or semi-closed culture systems, marine environment is more diverse and dynamic, thus did not offer much scope for the environmental as well as biological manipulations. After proper site selection and cage installations, cages should be stocked with recommended numbers of seed depending upon water volume/ cage area

Raman anomalies as signatures of pressure induced electronic topological and structural transitions in black phosphorus: Experiments and Theory

We report high pressure Raman experiments of Black phosphorus up to 24 GPa. The line widths of first order Raman modes A$^1_g$, B$_{2g}$ and A$^2_g$ of the orthorhombic phase show a minimum at 1.1 GPa. Our first-principles density functional analysis reveals that this is associated with the anomalies in electron-phonon coupling at the semiconductor to topological insulator transition through inversion of valence and conduction bands marking a change from trivial to nontrivial electronic topology. The frequencies of B$_{2g}$ and A$^2_g$ modes become anomalous in the rhombohedral phase at 7.4 GPa, and new modes appearing in the rhombohedral phase show anomalous softening with pressure. This is shown to originate from unusual structural evolution of black phosphorous with pressure, based on first-principles theoretical analysis.Comment: 13pages, 12figure

Screening of poly vinyl chloride degrading bacteria from plastic contaminated area of Baddi

Plastic wastes are posing ever increasing environmental concerns. Recent research works have shown that most of the constituents of plastics can be degraded by microbes and the film plastics can be treated by microbial systems. In this study, poly vinyl chloride (PVC), degrading bacteria’s were isolate and characterize from soil dumped with plastics. The PVC degradating bacterial were identified as E.Coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella. It was observed that maximum degradation by Pseudomonas and degradation after 10 months was 40.53%, 23.06%, 10.92% and 5.32% for Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus and E.Coli respectively.This work concluded that soil contains bacteria’s that have ability to carry degradation of poly vinyl chloride (PVC

A comprehensive review on microbial degradation of plastic waste

Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. However, considering their abundance in the environment and their specificity in attacking plastics, biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and enzymes seems to be the most effective process. When plastics are used as substrates for microorganisms, evaluation of their biodegradability should not only be based on their chemical structure, but also on their physical properties (melting point, glass transition temperature, crystallinity, storage modulus etc.). In this review, microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastics and some factors that affect their biodegradability are discussed. Plastics have become an important part of modern life and are used in different sectors of applications like packaging, building materials, consumer products and much more. Each year about 100 million tons of plastics are produced worldwide. Degradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer. The Degradation types are (a). Chain end degradation/de-polymerization (b).Random degradation/reverse of the poly condensation process. Biodegradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight by naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. That is involved in the degradation of both natural and synthetic plastics

Electron-Hole Asymmetry in the Electron-phonon Coupling in Top-gated Phosphorene Transistor

Using in-situ Raman scattering from phosphorene channel in an electrochemically top-gated field effect transistor, we show that its phonons with A$_g$ symmetry depend much more strongly on concentration of electrons than that of holes, while the phonons with B$_g$ symmetry are insensitive to doping. With first-principles theoretical analysis, we show that the observed electon-hole asymmetry arises from the radically different constitution of its conduction and valence bands involving $\pi$ and $\sigma$ bonding states respectively, whose symmetry permits coupling with only the phonons that preserve the lattice symmetry. Thus, Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive tool for measuring electron concentration in phosphorene-based nanoelectronic devices

Man on a mission for waste to wealth transformation

Shri. Ramdas Tukaram Kokare, presently working as Chief Officer in Municipal Corporation, Karjat which has a total population of 30,000 and generates Class III Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the tune of 12 metric tonnes per day. Earlier during 2010 to 2015 he had served as Chief Officer at Municipal Corporation Dapoli, Maharashtra and during 2015-2017 he at Vengurla also in Maharashtra. In 2010, Shri Ramdas came up with the idea of waste management at the source level and decided to segregate plastic waste into recyclable and non-recyclable categories. Plastic carry bags of less than 50 micron thickness were in the non-recyclable category, while bottles, packaging material of food items and wrappers were to be recycled for further usage. Local self-help groups were roped in to produce paper bags and some awareness campaigns were organized

Mechanical Failure Analysis of Needles, for Micro-needle Array Dry-electrodes

 Dry electrodes, which have an array of vertically aligned conducting micro-needles over a conducting substrate/base are most suitable for long-term continuous monitoring of EEG-signal, and overcomesthe disadvantages of conventional wet electrodes. A crucial design requirement for thesemicro-needlearrays, is the choice of the needle material with suitable mechanical strength to penetrate the skin without mechanical failure. This paper gives, the results of mechanical failure analysis of different needle materials that have been typically used/proposed for invasive use. A conical needle with 150μ width at the base and 10μ width at the tip, and length in the range 10μ - 200μ was taken up for calculation. The Critical load for failure, falls in the following descending order for the selected materials: viz., Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum-Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent), Stainless Steel (SS304),Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polyimide, Polycarbonate, Gold, Silver, Photoresist-SU8, Polyurethane and Poly DiMethylSiloxane (PDMS).Taking the most accepted value of 0.1N as the penetration force required for needle penetration into skin, it is seen that for a needle length of 100μ, the following materials, Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum -Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent) andStainless Steel (SS304), can penetrate the skin without mechanical failure

Subduing the nail barrier with novel herbal penetration enhancers for transungual delivery system

Nail fungal infections are very common and also very difficult to treat because of nail morphology, deep penetrability of infectious agent inside nail plate and poor permeability of the nail plate. Transungual delivery shall be the first choice for treatment of nail infection if we get the effective penetration enhancers without causing the serious problem. In this study we tried to scanning some extracts penetration potency through the human cadaver nail plate. Five plants selected for the purpose acacia catechu, rosa hybrid, hibiscus rose-sinensis, tagetes patula, tagetes erecta. For penetration potency first defatted the nail plate with chloroform : methanol (2:1) mixture.  Extracts of tagetes erecta, acacia catechu shows 100%, tagetes patula 60% and rosa hybrid 40% from dorsal side of plate. Those extracts were stable by it only. That proves that they may be used as a penetration enhancer to increase the penetration of dru

Investigation of novel penetration enhancer Lawsonia inermis for drug delivery through nail plate

Nail fungus infections may be very painful and can seriously harm through systemic circulation if untreated. In this study we try to find out and formulate the natural penetration enhancer(PEs). Lawsonia Inermis leafs were used as a penetration enhancer. To extract the penetration enhancer extraction was done with methanol and dried, which shows hundred percent penetrations across the nail plate. Human cadaver nail plate (dry weight 45.8 mg, thickness 220 µm) defatted with chloroform: methanol (2:1) was used for penetration study. Diffusion study with the help of franz diffusion cell with phosphate buffer saline. The transungual film F32 evaluated for the physical properties – %Drug Content 97.1±0.03, Weight variation 180±2.10, Thickness 0.21±0.01, Flatness 99%, Folding endurance 180±3, WVTR 3.143±0.436, %Moisture content3.823±0.23. The drug moved across the nail plate in near to first order manner and support by the pepass “n” value i.e. 0.87. The formulation with the Lawsonia Inermis’s extract penetrates the 2.09% more drug through nail plate. The present study can claim that the Lawsonia Inermis as a potent penetration enhancer for transungual delivery for which the penetration is a limiting factor