Optical Properties of Ho3+ Doped in Tellurite Glass

We visit the standard procedure for analyzing the optical spectrum of Ho3+ doped tellurite glass has been studied. The glass was formed using a composition 79% Te O2 + 20% Li2 CO2 + 1% Ho O2. I density and refractive index were measured and used to calculate various physical properties such as, rare earth concentration, mean atomic volume, electric polarization, ionic radius, molar refractivity, field strength, reflection losses and dielectric constant etc. The absorption spectra of glass have been recoded in the 340 – 2000 nm and fluorescence in the 400 – 710 nm. region. The spectral lines were used to get the energy levels of Ho3+ in tellurite glass. We have also calculated the oscillator strength, Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters, transition probability; branching ration stimulated emission cross section etc. utilizing these special data. It is marked that the line 5F4 (5F2) - 5I8 is very intense and have very high stimulated emission cross-section and is most suitable for easer emission in Ho3+ in tellurite glass

Study of Amplitude Modulation Transmitter

This project deals with the design and implementation of a simple amplitude modulation transmitter using colpitts oscillator principle to transmit a low power AM transmitter, typically used as short range linkage between a microphones and the audio amplifier modules. The project will also enable other listeners and other correspondents to tune and receive the same information via all sorts AM receivers at the same oscillation frequency of the oscillator

Miniaturization of PCR Machine

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique defined for copying specific DNA sequences. The three basic steps in that process - splitting a DNA template into its two single strands (called denaturation); adding short segments of complementary DNA called primers to initiate replication of a chosen DNA sequence (annealing); and adding DNA polymerase to synthesis the complementary strand (called extension) - are repeated again and again to amplify the sequence. Each of these steps occurs optimally at a different temperature, so heating and cooling is carried out with an instrument called a thermal cycler. Better than the conventional big size PCR here we have designed a circuit which is capable of performing fast temperature rise and fall and that is within small region. This design supports the easy transportability of the machine because of its smaller size with very low design cost

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CYTOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL GRADING IN INVASIVE DUCTAL CARCINOMA BREAST: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objectives: Carcinoma breast is most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathology play very important role in diagnosing breast cancer. Main objective of this study is to compare the cytological and histopathological grading in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Patiala. Fifty patients with palpable breast lump were selected. The age of whom varied from 30 to 86 years. FNAC was done, smears were prepared and stained with Romanowsky and Papanicolaou stains. Cytological grading was done according to Robinson’s method. After surgery, the results were compared with histological grading according to Nottingham’s Modification of Bloom–Richardson method. Results: On cytological grading of 50 cases, 25 (50%) cases were graded as Grade II, 21 (42%) as Grade I, and 4 (8%) as Grade III. Whereas on histological grading, Grades I, II and III tumors were 17 (34%), 22 (44%), and 11 (22%), respectively. Overall concordance of cytological grading with histological grading was 76% with a kappa value of 0.605 and p<0.001. Conclusion: The study showed that the cytological grade correlates well with the histological grade. Cytological grade can be of great value in evaluating the aggressiveness of tumor, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and can be used as a prognostic factor for better management of patients

Breastfeeding practices among the Gond tribe of Mandla District of Madhya Pradesh

Background: breast feeding is the safest, least allergic and best infant feeding method. It has nutritional, immunological, behavioral and economic benefits and also provide desirable mother infant bonding. We did a cross-sectional household study to assess feeding practices of infants and young children in rural areas of study blocks. The infant feeding practices of ‘Gond’, one of the major (57.23%) tribal communities of Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh was studied in detail in the present investigation.Material and methods: A comparative study conducted in the two blocks of Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. The information was collected through interview method of 522 households which is has a child up to age group of 5 years  with the help of predesigned and pre-tested schedules and through personal observation.Results: The study revealed an encouraging fact that all the respondents fed their babies with breast milk. At the same time, it was observed that he households was introduced the breast milk within 24 hours of birth and in more than 99.2% of cases, colostrums was not discarded. Instead, varieties of pre lacteal foods were given little bit households prior to putting the child for breast feeding. Exclusive breast feeding was initiated on early time supplementary foods were introduced after the child attained about 6 months completed age. Mostly homemade cereal preparations were given daily as supplementary foods as when are required. Such time of initiating infant feeding practices, including early initiation of breast milk, supplementary food habits and exclusive breastfeeding practices found in the tribe.   Conclusion: Early initiation of breastfeeding (within an hour of birth) and other feeding practices were associated with community, type of family and education of mother. Efforts are needed to promote early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and age-appropriate complementary feeding among infants

Genetic divergence in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Thirty genotypes of forage sorghum were studied for generating information on nature and magnitude of genetic variability and diversity for designing breeding programme. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design in three replications. The data were recorded on days to 50% flowering, plant height, leaf breadth, leaf length, leaf area, stem girth, leaves per plant, leaf stem ratio, total soluble solids, protein content and green fodder yield. Analysis of variance revealed a substantial amount of variability among the genotypes for all the characters under study, indicated a wide spectrum of variability among the genotypes. Highest estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for plant height, leaf breadth, leaves per plant, leaf stem ratio and green fodder yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for plant height, leaf area, stem girth, leaves per plant, leaf stem ratio and green fodder yield. Based on D2 – Statistics, 30 genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and VI followed by IV and VI, indicating genotypes included in these clusters had wide genetic diversity. Genetic divergence and cluster mean indicates maximum heterosis and good recombinants may be achieved in crosses between genotypes of clusters III, IV and VI in varietal improvement programme. Thus, crossing between genetically diverse genotypes of cluster III with genotypes CSV 15, PC 1001, SPV 462, PC 3, SSV 84, PC 8 and cluster VI with genotype HJ 513 are expected to exhibit high heterosis and good recombinants with desired traits

Importance of Socio-Economic and Institutional Factors in the Use of Veterinary Services by the Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Punjab

The study has shown the importance of identifying factors that determined the likelihood of using veterinary services in Punjab. Secondary data were used for analysis with the sample size of 1137 dairy households. Estimates of factors influencing the use of veterinary services are reasonably consistent with the farmer decision to use it. The proportional relationship between veterinary services available within the village and use of veterinary services revealed that, distance of veterinary service availability positively influenced the farmer decision to use the veterinary services. There was a positive relationship between herd size and use of veterinary services. More educated farmers are in a better position to use the veterinary services. The principal source of income from agricultural activities was positively influenced by the likelihood to use veterinary services in study area. The model from empirical point of view is very important to predict whether household will be using the veterinary services or not after incorporating the value of the explanatory variables