Selenium reagents as catalysts

Organoselenium chemistry is now become an important tool in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Organoselenium reagents are more commonly known as electrophiles but there are few organic transformations where they act as nucleophiles. These reagents have been successfully employed to achieve number of synthetically important transformations such as oxyselenenylations, selenocyclization and selenoxide eliminations etc. In past two decades, another episode of their success is introduced as they have developed as potential catalysts in organic synthesis. Various selenium-catalyzed approaches such as oxidation, reduction, cyclization, rearrangement and stereoselective reactions have been successfully investigated. During these reactions, a number of organic and inorganic oxidants have been employed to regenerate different active catalytic species in situ. In this review article, recently developed selenium-catalyzed reactions are covered including stereoselective reactions

Comparative study between nerve stimulator guided technique and ultrasound guided technique of supraclavicular nerve block for upper limb surgery

Background: Peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) has been the ‘gold standard’ for peripheral nerve blocks for determining adequate needle placement to produce regional anesthesia/analgesia. Modern ultrasound (US) machines can be used to guide the injection needle while minimizing the risk of injury of adjacent structures.the main objective of the study was to compare nerve stimulator guided technique and ultrasound guided technique of supraclavicular brachial plexus block for upper limb surgeryMethods: This prospective randomized single blind comparative study was conducted in eighty patients under supraclavicular brachial plexus block using 0.5% Ropivacaine at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Rajasthan after taking approval from ethical committee. These patients were randomly allocated in either group PNS (n=40) or group US (n=40). Both the groups were assessed for procedure time, onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade and complications. Results: The procedure time was 8.0±1.53 minutes in group PNS and 6.27±1.10 minutes in group US (p˂0.0001). The onset of sensory and motor block was 7.68±1.33 minutes and 9.94±1.28 minutes in group PNS and 6.46±1.02 minutes and 8.10±1.02 minutes respectively in group US (p˂0.0001). The time to achieve complete block was 16.11±1.54 minutes in group PNS and 13.74±1.11 minutes in group US (p˂0.0001). The duration of sensory and motor block was 7 hours and 6 hours for group PNS and 8 hours and 7 hours respectively in group US. The success rate was 90% in group PNS and 97.5% in Group US.Conclusion: Ultrasound guided technique was found significantly better than PNS for supraclavicular brachial plexus block.

Hypervalent iodine chemistry and light: photochemical reactions involving hypervalent iodine Chemistry

Chemistry of hypervalent iodine reagents have developed extensively after the discovery of IBX as a commercial reagent in organic synthesis. Their stability in air, environmentally nature and unique reactivity under mild reaction conditions makes them more suitable reagents for medicinal and natural product chemistry. Various synthetic transformations have been achieved by using hypervalent iodine reagents under mild reaction conditions. Hypervalent iodine catalysis is identified as an emerging research area in past couple of decades. In past few years, hypervalent iodine reagents have found their application in photoredox catalysis. In this review article, the progress of photoredox catalysis by involving hypervalent iodine reagents would be covered

Study of Photoluminescence Behaviour of Porous Silicon Samples Prepared at 20 mA Current Density

The paper presents a study on a series of porous silicon films of various thicknesses, prepared at 20 mA current density using a photoluminescence fitting model to determine the average crystallite size of sphe-rical shaped interconnected silicon quantum dots. Discrepancy in photoluminescence behavior of the samples is well explained with this model. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3097

Progress in organocatalysis with hypervalent iodine catalysts

Hypervalent iodine compounds as environmentally friendly and relatively inexpensive reagents have properties similar to transition metals. They are employed as alternatives to transition metal catalysts in organic synthesis as mild, nontoxic, selective and recyclable catalytic reagents. Formation of C–N, C–O, C–S, C–F and C–C bonds can be seamlessly accomplished by hypervalent iodine catalysed oxidative functionalisations. The aim of this review is to highlight recent developments in the utilisation of iodine(III) and iodine(V) catalysts in the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds including chiral catalysts for stereoselective synthesis. Polymer-, magnetic nanoparticle- and metal organic framework-supported hypervalent iodine catalysts are also described

Isolation and adaptation of bovine herpes virus Type 1 in embryonated chicken eggs and in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cell line

Aim: Objective of the present study was to isolate bovine herpes virus Type 1 (BHV-1) from semen of infected bull and to adapt it onto embryonated eggs and Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line. Further, the virus was identified by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Materials and Methods: Semen samples were collected from five BHV-1 positive bulls previously confirmed for the presence of antibodies against BHV-1 using avidin-biotin enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. The virus from semen samples was adapted in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11-day-old embryonated chickens eggs and in MDBK cell line. The presence of BHV-1 in infected CAM and cell culture fluid was confirmed by AGID test. Results: Virus infected CAM showed edema, congestion and thickening at first passage level. Small foci ranged from 1 to 2 mm in diameter, scattered all over the membrane were observed at first passage. More severe changes were observed in CAM after serial passaging. The large pock lesions, round in shape with opaque raised edge and depressed gray central area of necrosis ranged from 3 to 5 mm in diameter were developed at fourth passage. Blind passages in MDBK cell culture were made. The MDBK cell line at second passage level showed characteristic cytopathic effect viz. rounding of cells with shrinkage, followed by aggregation or clumping of cells which progressed rapidly and appeared as “bunch of grapes” at 72 h post inoculation. Few cells become elongated when compared with uninfected controls. A homogenate of CAM with distinct pock lesions and infected cell culture fluid developed precipitation line within 48 h against specific anti-BHV-1 immune serum by AGID test. Conclusion: BHV-1 was easily adapted in CAM of chicken embryos and in MDBK cell line. Virus infected CAM and cell culture fluid showed precipitin band by AGID test

Electronic Conduction in Annealed Sulfur-Doped a-Si:H Films

In present work, the effect of annealing on dark and photo conductivity as well as the various causes of conduction mechanics in S doped amorphous hydrogenated silicon films (a-Si:H) is discussed. The variation of the dark conductivity as a function of temperature has been carried out on unannealed and annealed (annealed at an optimized temperature of 300 °C) thin film samples and the activation energy of dark conductivity of respective samples was also calculated at different temperatures. The Study concludes that at high temperatures, an activated type mechanism is responsible for conduction in the a-Si:H films

PAT:predictor for structured units and its application for the optimization of target molecules for the generation of synthetic antibodies

BACKGROUND: The identification of structured units in a protein sequence is an important first step for most biochemical studies. Importantly for this study, the identification of stable structured region is a crucial first step to generate novel synthetic antibodies. While many approaches to find domains or predict structured regions exist, important limitations remain, such as the optimization of domain boundaries and the lack of identification of non-domain structured units. Moreover, no integrated tool exists to find and optimize structural domains within protein sequences. RESULTS: Here, we describe a new tool, PAT (http://www.kimlab.org/software/pat) that can efficiently identify both domains (with optimized boundaries) and non-domain putative structured units. PAT automatically analyzes various structural properties, evaluates the folding stability, and reports possible structural domains in a given protein sequence. For reliability evaluation of PAT, we applied PAT to identify antibody target molecules based on the notion that soluble and well-defined protein secondary and tertiary structures are appropriate target molecules for synthetic antibodies. CONCLUSION: PAT is an efficient and sensitive tool to identify structured units. A performance analysis shows that PAT can characterize structurally well-defined regions in a given sequence and outperforms other efforts to define reliable boundaries of domains. Specially, PAT successfully identifies experimentally confirmed target molecules for antibody generation. PAT also offers the pre-calculated results of 20,210 human proteins to accelerate common queries. PAT can therefore help to investigate large-scale structured domains and improve the success rate for synthetic antibody generation. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-1001-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Politizace náboženských (hindutvských) ideologií podporujících extremismus a protimenšinové nálady

Despite modernization and globalization being at the forefront of the society, religion still seems to be dominant and evolving concept in response to the expanding international relations. This might be noticed with the global development of religious nationalism. Most religious nationalist parties are characterized with puritanical element that color their political platforms and ways of attaining power. Furthermore, in many nations, religious nationalists argue for economic austerity or severe anti-corruption measures via moral appeals and rhetoric. Lastly, religious politics often reveals a majoritarian nationalism that strives to redefine the society. India merits a more in-depth examination due to its democratic orientation and size. The intersection between religion and politics in India is problematic. The revival of the Bhartiya Janta Party (Henceforth BJP) brought religion back to the forefront of Indian politics. Introducing an alternative nationalism that is not secular in character but rather founded on the idea that Indian and Hindu cultures are the same. The thesis will argue by implementing the secularization thesis and its critical discourse as the theoretical concept and analyses the rise of Hindu nationalism throughout history. As well, explore its evolution from its birth to...Katedra bezpečnostních studiíDepartment of Security StudiesFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science