Китаб Ибрагима Хосеневича из коллекции Национальной библиотеки Республики Беларусь как исторический источник : реферат к дипломной работе / Инна Чеславовна Кевра; БГУ, Исторический факультет, Кафедра источниковедения; науч. рук. Белявский А.М.

The construct of individualism–collectivism (IND-COL) has become the definitive standard in cross-cultural psychology, management, and related fields. It is also among the most controversial, in particular, with regard to the ambiguity of its dimensionality: Some view IND and COL as the opposites of a single continuum, whereas others argue that the two are independent constructs. We explored the issue through seven different tests using original individual-level data from 50 studies and meta-analytic data from 149 empirical publications yielding a total of 295 sample-level observations that were collected using six established instruments for assessing IND and COL as separate constructs. Results indicated that the dimensionality of IND-COL may depend on (a) the specific instrument used to collect the data, (b) the sample characteristics and the cultural region from which the data were collected, and (c) the level of analysis. We also review inconsistencies, deficiencies, and challenges of conceptualizing IND-COL and provide guidelines for developing and selecting instruments for measuring the construct, and for reporting and meta-analyzing results from this line of research

Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures

Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and conservatism and with national indices indicative of lower social development. Societal Cynicism is less strongly and broadly correlated with previous values measures or other national indices and seems to define a novel cultural syndrome. Its national correlates suggest that it taps the cognitive component of a cultural constellation labeled maleficence, a cultural syndrome associated with a general mistrust of social systems and other people. Discussion focused on the meaning of these national level factors of beliefs and on their relationships with individual level factors of belief derived from the same data set.(undefined

Escala de Contágio Emocional: adaptação ao contexto brasileiro = Emotional Contagion Scale: adaptation to Brazilian context

O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar a Escala de Contágio Emocional para o contexto brasileiro. Especificamente, pretendeu-se (1) conhecer sua estrutura fatorial e consistência interna, (2) testar diferentes modelos teóricos (uni e multifatoriais) e (3) comprovar se as pontuações nos fatores de contágio emocional variam em função do sexo dos participantes. Participaram do estudo 299 pessoas, a maioria do sexo feminino (66%) e estudantes universitários (88,3%), com média de idade de 26,4 anos. Estes responderam os seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Auto-imagem, Questionário de Constrangimento e Escala de Contágio Emocional, além de cinco perguntas demográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade, ocupação e etnia). A análise de componentes principais indicou ser pertinente uma estrutura unifatorial de contágio emocional, cujas cargas fatoriais variaram de 0,31 a 0,64. Este explicou 25% da variância total, com consistência interna (x) de 0,82. Contudo, quando os modelos teóricos foram comparados, os multifatoriais se revelaram mais adequados, optando-se por aquele com cinco fatores de primeira e dois de segunda ordem, definidos como emoções positivas (x=0,64; amor, x=056; e felicidade, x=0,52) e emoções negativas (x=0,73; medo, x=0,52; raiva, x=0,61; e tristeza, x=0,60, X2(84) = 238,69, p<0,001, X2/g. 1. = 2,84, GFI = 0,90, AGFI = 0,86, RMSEA = 0,079 (IC90% = 0,067-0,090). Observou-se ainda que as mulheres apresentaram maior contágio emocional que os homens, com independência do fator considerado. Conclui-se, portanto, que a Escala de Contágio Emocional apresenta parâmetros psicométricos satisfatórios, coerentes com aqueles observados pelo autor da versão origina

Auto-imagem e sentimento de constrangimento = Self-construal and embarrassment

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a relação entre os tipos de auto-imagem interdependente e independente (Singelis, 1994; Markus e Kitayama, 1991) e o sentimento de constrangimento experimentado em diversas circunstâncias sociais (Miller, 1992). Participaram 325 pessoas, a maioria do sexo feminino (65,7%); um terço era composto por membros da população geral e os demais eram estudantes; destes, 87,7% compreendiam estudantes universitários e 12,3% secundaristas. Estes respondem individualmente o Questionário de Sentimento de Constrangimento e a Escala de Auto-Imagem. Os resultados indicaram que as diversas dimensões de constrangimento se correlacionaram diretamente entre si, permitindo computar uma pontuação total. Esta se correlacionou positivamente com a auto-imagem interdependente, ao passo que o fez negativamente com a auto-imagem independente. As mulheres, mais do que os homens, apresentaram maior pontuação nas diversas dimensões de constrangimento. Estes resultados são discutidos à luz dos previamente publicados em culturas individualistas, sugerindo a consistência da concepção de que o sentimento de constrangimento pode ser explicado a partir da imagem que as pessoas têm de si mesma

Exploring Ethnic Group and Geographic Differences in Social Axioms in the USA

This study investigates the dimensionality of a recently developed measure of social beliefs—the Social Axioms Survey (SAS) for American respondents. Ethnic group and geographical differences in the endorsement of social beliefs were also assessed with the SAS with samples of college and noncollege students in eight locations in the USA (N = 2,164). Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the five-factor structure found previously in international samples (Leung & Bond, 2004). Differences among ethnic groups showed that African Americans scored higher on the belief dimension of religiosity than did Asian or Caucasian Americans. Asian Americans were more inclined toward socially cynical beliefs than were other ethnic groups and believed more in fate control than did Caucasian or Hispanic Americans. Differences in social beliefs across locations were limited to religiosity beliefs when only Caucasian American respondents were considered. Implications for comparisons of samples from the USA with other countries are discussed. A persistent problem in cross-cultural research has been finding ways to describe cultures in ways that allow for comparison among them. The most common cultural comparison uses the individualism—collectivism dimension (IC) (Hofstede, 1980; Triandis, 1995) and self-construal as the individual-level or psychological indicator (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Singelis, 1994). Among all the dimensions available, none has generated the research that has accrued to the IC dimension (see Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmeier, 2002 for a review and critique). In an effort to add to the cultural dimensions available to scholars wishing to compare and understand cultures, an SAS was recently developed (Leung et al., 2002). The dimensions identified in the survey are based on beliefs rather than values or self-construals. The results of this initial study suggested that five social axioms factors may be universal: Fate Control, Reward for Application, Cynicism, Religiosity, and Social Complexity. The pan-cultural dimensionality was confirmed in a larger, subsequent study (Leung & Bond, 2004). The purpose of the current study was to explore ethnic group and geographical variations in social beliefs with the SAS in a population from the USA. In addition, we sought to assess the dimensionality of the SAS in this population with a large enough sample to ensure the stability of the factor structure obtained