Gamma-ray Luminosity and Photon Index Evolution of FSRQ Blazars and Contribution to the Gamma-ray Background

We present the redshift evolutions and distributions of the gamma-ray luminosity and photon spectral index of flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) type blazars, using non-parametric methods to obtain the evolutions and distributions directly from the data. The sample we use for analysis consists of almost all FSRQs observed with a greater than approximately 7 sigma detection threshold in the first year catalog of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope's Large Area Telescope, with redshfits as determined from optical spectroscopy by Shaw et al. We find that FSQRs undergo rapid gamma-ray luminosity evolution, but negligible photon index evolution, with redshift. With these evolutions accounted for we determine the density evolution and luminosity function of FSRQs, and calculate their total contribution to the extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation, resolved and unresolved, which is found to be 16(+10/-4)%, in agreement with previous studies.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, Accepted to Ap

Axial Ratio of Edge-On Spiral Galaxies as a Test For Extended Bright Radio Halos

We use surface brightness contour maps of nearby edge-on spiral galaxies to determine whether extended bright radio halos are common. In particular, we test a recent model of the spatial structure of the diffuse radio continuum by Subrahmanyan and Cowsik which posits that a substantial fraction of the observed high-latitude surface brightness originates from an extended Galactic halo of uniform emissivity. Measurements of the axial ratio of emission contours within a sample of normal spiral galaxies at 1500 MHz and below show no evidence for such a bright, extended radio halo. Either the Galaxy is atypical compared to nearby quiescent spirals or the bulk of the observed high-latitude emission does not originate from this type of extended halo.Comment: 6 Pages, 4 Figures, 1 Table; To Appear In ApJ Letter

Analisis Biaya Diferensial dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Menerima atau Menolak Pesanan Khusus Pada Anna Bakery Manado

Biaya diferensial adalah salah satu cara memberikan informasi bagi manajemen dalam memilih alternatif yang dapat bermanfaat bagi perusahaan dalam mengambil keputusan yang tepat agar tidak mengalami kerugian. Dalam menunjang pelaksanaan kegiatan proses produksi pada usaha Anna Bakery Manado, di mana dalam menjalankan aktivitas usahanya, sering mendapat pesanan khusus dari konsumen,maka diperlukan analisis biaya diferensial dalam proses produksi yang akan digunakan sebagai dasar pengambilan keputusan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui biaya diferensial dalam pengambilan keputusan menerima atau menolak pesanan khusus pada Anna Bakery Manado. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif, yaitu suatu metode yang menganalisis masalah dengan menggambarkan pada data -data yang ada, berupa tabel- tabel perhitungan biaya produksi untuk mengetahui perbandingan biaya dalam pengambilan keputusan menolak atau menerima pesanan khusus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan manajemen belum menerapkan analisis biaya diferensial dalam pengambilan keputusan. Hasil analisis mengenai biaya diferensial sangat bermanfaat bagi Anna Bakery karena perusahaan masih bisa menutupi biaya diferensial pesanan khusus, disamping itu perusahaan juga dapat tambahan laba diferensial sebesar Rp.3.800.000 dan selagi ada kapasitas menganggur

Intrinsic Brightness Temperatures of AGN Jets

We present a new method for studying the intrinsic brightness temperatures of the parsec-scale jet cores of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Our method uses observed superluminal motions and observed brightness temperatures for a large sample of AGN to constrain the characteristic intrinsic brightness temperature of the sample as a whole. To study changes in intrinsic brightness temperature, we assume that the Doppler factors of individual jets are constant in time as justified by their relatively small changes in observed flux density. We find that in their median-low brightness temperature state, the sources in our sample have a narrow range of intrinsic brightness temperatures centered on a characteristic temperature, T_int = 3 x 10^10 K, which is close to the value expected for equipartition, when the energy in the radiating particles equals the energy stored in the magnetic fields. However, in their maximum brightness state, we find that sources in our sample have a characteristic intrinsic brightness temperature greater than 2 x 10^11 K, which is well in excess of the equipartition temperature. In this state, we estimate the energy in radiating particles exceeds the energy in the magnetic field by a factor of ~ 10^5. We suggest that the excess of particle energy when sources are in their maximum brightness state is due to injection or acceleration of particles at the base of the jet. Our results suggest that the common method of estimating jet Doppler factors by using a single measurement of observed brightness temperature and/or the assumption of equipartition may lead to large scatter or systematic errors in the derived values.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Accepted to Appear in ApJ Letter

Mailed Outreach Invitations Significantly Improve HCC Surveillance Rates in Patients With Cirrhosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147207/1/hep30129-sup-0001-Appendix.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147207/2/hep30129_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147207/3/hep30129.pd

A Multi-Chamber System for Analyzing the Outgassing, Deposition, and Associated Optical Degradation Properties of Materials in a Vacuum

We report on the Camera Materials Test Chamber, a multi-vessel apparatus which analyzes the outgassing consequences of candidate materials for use in the vacuum cryostat of a new telescope camera. The system measures the outgassing products and rates of samples of materials at different temperatures, and collects films of outgassing products to measure the effects on light transmission in six optical bands. The design of the apparatus minimizes potential measurement errors introduced by background contamination.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, published in RSI (minor edits made to match journal accepted version

ARCADE 2 Measurement of the Extra-Galactic Sky Temperature at 3-90 GHz

The ARCADE 2 instrument has measured the absolute temperature of the sky at frequencies 3, 8, 10, 30, and 90 GHz, using an open-aperture cryogenic instrument observing at balloon altitudes with no emissive windows between the beam-forming optics and the sky. An external blackbody calibrator provides an {\it in situ} reference. Systematic errors were greatly reduced by using differential radiometers and cooling all critical components to physical temperatures approximating the CMB temperature. A linear model is used to compare the output of each radiometer to a set of thermometers on the instrument. Small corrections are made for the residual emission from the flight train, balloon, atmosphere, and foreground Galactic emission. The ARCADE 2 data alone show an extragalactic rise of $50\pm7$ mK at 3.3 GHz in addition to a CMB temperature of $2.730\pm .004$ K. Combining the ARCADE 2 data with data from the literature shows a background power law spectrum of $T=1.26\pm 0.09$ [K] $(\nu/\nu_0)^{-2.60\pm 0.04}$ from 22 MHz to 10 GHz ($\nu_0=1$ GHz) in addition to a CMB temperature of $2.725\pm .001$ K.Comment: 11 pages 5 figures Submitted to Ap

Evaluasi Penyusunan Laporan Laba Rugi dan Neraca Berdasarkan Sak Etap pada Pt.karunia Multiguna Abadi

Laporan keuangan merupakan suatu bentuk pertanggungjawaban pengelolaan Perusahaan oleh manajemen kepada pihak eksternal maupun internal. Standar Akuntansi Keuangan yang berlaku umum yang ada saat ini cukup menyulitkan para pelaku Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM).Maka dari itu IAI telah menerbitkan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan untuk Entitas Tanpa Akuntabilitas Publik (SAK ETAP). Standar Akuntasi Keuangan Entitas Tanpa Akuntabilitas Publik (SAK ETAP) hadir dengan tujuan untuk mengakomodir kebutuhan entitas yang tidak memiliki akuntabilitas publik signifikan dalam penyelenggaraan usahanya seperti UMKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penerapan SAK ETAP pada penyajian laba rugi dan neraca pada PT. Karunia Multiguna Abadi. PT. Karunia Multiguna Abadi merupakan usaha kecil menengah yang bergerak di bidang distributor meubel. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif komparatif dengan sumber data primer dan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan penyajian laporan neraca dan laba rugi yang dibuat oleh PT.Karunia Multiguna Abadi pada bulan September tahun 2015 masih belum sesuai dengan kaidah SAK ETAP dan masih ada pengklasifikasian pos akun yang belum disajikan, hal tersebut dikarenakan terbatasnya pengetahuan dan sumber daya manusia yang dimiliki. Sebaiknya manajemen Perusahaan mempekerjakan karyawan yang terampil dalam bidang akuntansi, dan meningkatkan kesadaran akan pentingnya penggunaan laporan keuangan. Kata kunci: SAK ETAP, laporan keuanga