2 research outputs found
Correlation between the microscopy and qPCR methods (SYBR Green) to detect and quantify Rhizophagus irregularis in grapevine roots
For an easier identification and quantification of R. irregularis in grapevine, a molecular tool was developed so that each DNA concentration calculated would relate to the degree of root system colonization. To correlate the results obtained by qPCR and microscopy, a different approach for the visualization technique was chosen. It combined the detailed standard method of evaluation on microscopic slides with the global magnifying glass evaluation method in the grids. The global assessment sampling was closer to the qPCR sampling that was made on a representative fraction of the whole root system. This fact became the base of successful correlation between microscopy and qPCR. The result of these measures were the attribution of an average qPCR value to each level of colonization defined as five different classes. Around 0.66 ng路碌L-1, the DNA concentration corresponded to the first contacts between the fungus and the grapevine roots (class M1), while around 42 ng路碌L-1 it accounted for the beginning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis (class M2). A satisfactory mycorrhization level could be concluded from a 258 ng路碌L-1 DNA concentration (class M3), while all values above 563 ng路碌L-1 (class M4) showed a full mycorrhization level. The development of this qPCR tool allowed the fast and accurate evaluation of the mycorrhization level in the root system without having to realize any microscopic observation
Subtitling wit: the case of "Ridicule"
Subtitled films are often dismissed as unsatisfactory on the grounds that they contain, at best, inaccuracies, ellipses and omissions, or at worst, that they are misleading, distracting and discouraging foreign spectators. More generally, subtitles are often associated with translation loss and untranslatability. This article uses the case of the English version of a successful French period film, Ridicule (Leconte 1996), to raise a number of issues relating to subtitling. Beyond the specific problems encountered in this special type of translation and the various strategies adopted, it considers the common assumptions of the foreign public and critics, and analyses through specific examples to what extent these are founded. The examples chosen focus on style, register, play on word, humour and cultural references