Approche des transferts de pollution bactérienne dans une crue karstique par l'étude des paramètres physico-chimiques

L'exploitation des systèmes aquifères karstiques est toujours effectuée sous des contraintes liées à leur forte vulnérabilité. Une étude complète d'un épisode de crue de la source du Lez a été réalisée grâce à une coopération entre les Services de Santé et l'Université. Cette étude comporte une observation des paramètres physico-chimiques et bactériologiques sur une période de 15 jours, correspondant à une réponse hydrodynamique impulsionnelle sur la totalité du bassin. Les pas de temps d'échantillonnage varient de 4 à 24 heures.L'interprétation des résultats physico-chimiques met en évidence une disjonction nette entre les variations piézométriques et le passage de différents volumes d'eau. L'écoulement des eaux plus chaudes (16,5 °C) observé lors de l'étiage, eaux d'origine profonde plus chargées chimiquement se poursuit jusque vers le milieu de la décrue pour faire place à l'arrivée d'eaux plus froides correspondant à des infiltrations rapides puis retardées. Les eaux les plus chaudes sont caractérisées par des variations des teneurs en magnésium, les teneurs en calcium restant à peu prés constantes. Inversement; les eaux froides de l'infiltration retardée ont de faibles variations des teneurs en magnésium et sont tracées par une forte augmentation des valeurs en calcium.Le risque sanitaire maximal est lié au début de l'arrivée des eaux froides. Les eaux d'étiage et les eaux profondes sont légèrement contaminées. Les eaux d'infiltration retardée sont peu contaminées. En dehors des zones de perte du réseau hydrographique et des axes d'infiltration rapide, la vulnérabilité de l'aquifère est faible à l'échelle du bassin.The exploitation of karstic aquifer systems for the supply of potable water raises the problem of the evaluation of sanitary risks, in view of their great vulnerability. To supply a great urban tenter, a yield as high as several cubic metres per hour is required, and this magnitude corresponds to that of an underground basin of several km2, so that it is difficult to monitor and protect.Analytical observations from sanitary control platforms on potable water catchments have shown the existence of periods of high bacteriological pollution synchronizing systematically with periods of a rise of water.These bacteriological pollution transfers depend on the general conditions in which the aquifer functions. It seemed interesting, for the prevention of contamination, to examine all these hydrogeologic functions observed during a water rise, using bacteriological parameters.This study was based on observations made during an overall flood period following a prolonged drought throughout the whole basin supplying the city of Montpellier (France). The aim was to carry out a correlation test on the functioning of a karstic aquifer, with regard to :- the variation of the main physico-chemical parameters,- the principal pathogenic germs,- the commonly observed indicators of faecal contamination.This operation, undertaken in close collaboration with the sanitation board and the university authorities, required considerable investment in human, materiat and financial resources.Montpellier, a city with a population of 250 000 inhabitants, is supplied with potable water from the source of the River Lez. The water catchment is-situated upstream of a. major resurgence (12 m3/s during the water rise), tapping water from a principal drainage channel at a depth of 40 metres.The area of the basin feeding the spring was evaluated to be 150 km2 by adjustment to the 450 km2 of Jurassic and Cretaceous outcropping certified limestone, north of Montpellier. Even if the limits of the basin are not precisely defined, some of its parameters are well known. The aquifer consists of different structural zones, almost like independent sub-systems, having in common a rapid drainage network. The response observed at the exurgence is compared globally with the pluviometric signs, as well as with the effects produced in each structural zone, the transfer time, chemistry, temperature, recession, etc.The whole aquifer must be considered under pressure and it is this state of pressure which is probably responsible for the directional flow of the water from the rock matrix and of that circulating in the major karstification areas. The aquifer may be either in a state of injection or drainage and this notion is supported by the chemical and thermal fluctuations at the exurgence point.A one-year experimental programme, based on our knowledge of this aquifer, has been set up in collaboration with forecasters at the National Meteorological Office. All have been on the alert and ready to intervene, equipped with all the necessary staff and apparatus to ensure reliable sampling and analyses. The following procedures were performed :- sampling every 4 hours during the first 48 hours ;- sampling every 12 hours during the following 48 hours.Then until the end of the study, sampling took place every 24 hours with :- 1 bacteriological sample in sterile condition,- 1 sample for physico-chemical analyses in the laboratory,- temperature measurements with a 1/10° mercury thermometer,- resistivity measurements,- pH measurements with two standards,- a limigraphic reading.This period of water rise, hydrologically homogeneous throughout the whote basin in the form of a single impulsive response tasting about 10 days, was characterised by the circulation of two types of water masses : from the rock matrix and resutting from rapid infiltration. The mixture of these two bodies, each with a distinct chemical character, is a function of the state of pressure in the aquifer. At the end of the rise, a third type of water intervenes, that of retarded infiltration.The best criteria for identifying these volumes of water are thermal ones. The most variable elements are magnesium and calcium. Deep waters with a temperature of 16 °5 are characterised by a variation in magnesium, and cold water, by a variation in calcium. The highest value of calcium is related to the passage of water bodies attributed to the influence of retarded infiltration.The geological observations and the processing of results by factorial analyses show a clear distinction between the chemical rise and the piezometric rise. The hydraulic rise point is constituted by water with the saure chemical characteristics as that of the lowest water level. The most important dilution due to rapid transfer in the basin is observed in the middle of the water fait. These synchronized with the highest batteriological pollution rate for most of the elements.This study has provided a global appreciation of the sanitary risks and shows how pollution mechanisms function. Risks are permanent, even during the passage of the deepest water with a long residence time. This phenomenon raises the question of the duration and mode of survive of non encystable bacteria indicators in the karst system. The survival time appeared to be about a year or more.There is always a covariation between the physico-chemical elements and bacteriological pollution where the aquifer is under high pressure and when the water rises or has reached its maximum level, or when the water starts to fall. It is when the level of the water starts to drop that the main peaks of bacteriological pollution are observed. From this moment onwards, the whole basin functions like a drained system and the absence of covariation in the physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters are signs that the flow has become heterogeneous.For sanitation purposes it may be sufficient to monitor temperature and other chemical elements, in order to determine when an additional treatment of the water is required to maintain its potability. An appropriate apparatus is being devised to this end

Biology and dynamics of potential malaria vectors in Southern France

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a former endemic problem in the Camargue, South East France, an area from where very few recent data concerning Anopheles are available. A study was undertaken in 2005 to establish potential malaria vector biology and dynamics and evaluate the risk of malaria re-emergence. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected in two study areas, from March to October 2005, one week every two weeks, using light traps+CO(2), horse bait traps, human bait catch, and by collecting females in resting sites. RESULTS: Anopheles hyrcanus was the most abundant Anopheles species. Anopheles melanoon was less abundant, and Anopheles atroparvus and Anopheles algeriensis were rare. Anopheles hyrcanus and An. melanoon were present in summer, whereas An. atroparvus was present in autumn and winter. A large number of An. hyrcanus females was collected on humans, whereas almost exclusively animals attracted An. melanoon. Based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, almost 90% of An. melanoon blood meals analysed had been taken on horse or bovine. Anopheles hyrcanus and An. melanoon parity rates showed huge variations according to the date and the trapping method. CONCLUSION: Anopheles hyrcanus seems to be the only Culicidae likely to play a role in malaria transmission in the Camargue, as it is abundant and anthropophilic

Behavioural adaptation of Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii larvae to underwater life: environmental cues governing plant-insect interaction

International audienceDensely overgrown pre-alpine permanent aquatic habitats are overrun by the mosquito Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Ficalbi) (Diptera: Culicidae). The invasive potential of this insect depends on the ability of its larvae to survive on the roots of emergent aquatic macrophytes. In order to characterize this particular ecological niche, which is out of reach for a direct investigation, environmental factors likely to influence the interaction between larvae and host plant roots were investigated using a simplified laboratory microcosm. Environmental light and oxygen concentrations appeared to be the main factors influencing larval attachment, a dark anoxic environment being significantly more favourable. Carbon dioxide produced by the root system of the host plant appeared to be an attractive cue for larval attachment. Knowledge of the hierarchy of these environmental factors may enable us to better understand the ecological traits of larval C. richiardii in deep water. With regard to their management, new ecological data are required to develop a long-term control strategy against Coquillettidia mosquitoes