Aplicación de técnicas geomáticas en el Smart Farming: Monitorización de cultivos, determinación de biomasa y detección de enfermedades

En la presente tesis se pretende implementar las metodologías empleadas actualmente en agricultura de precisión, en el campo de la teledetección mediante sensores aéreos no tripulados (UAV) para ayudar a los procesos de desarrollo rural en zonas que se encuentran en vías de desarrollo. Estas metodologías comprenderán temáticas relacionadas con el análisis de crecimiento en cuanto a generación de biomasa en cultivos de Ryegrass y Kikuyo, análisis del estado de salud de plantaciones de lupino mediante su respuesta espectral y la detección de enfermedades en palma africana. Como resultados, se pudo detectar de forma temprana la afectación de Pudrición de Cogollo (PC) en palma africana, determinar que tratamiento de desinfección de semilla para lupino es el más adecuado en el control del desarrollo de la Antracnosis y evidenciar que el cultivo de Ryegrass Perenne es el que genera mejores rendimientos en la producción de biomasa

Estudio de las posibilidades de los datos abiertos enlazados (Linked Open Data) para la realización de mashups de ámbito geográfico.

La web ha sufrido una drástica transformación en los últimos años, debido principalmente a su popularización y a la enorme cantidad de información que alberga. Debido a estos factores se ha dado el salto de la denominada Web de Documentos, a la Web Semántica, donde toda la información está relacionada con otra. Las principales ventajas de la información enlazada estriban en la facilidad de reutilización, accesibilidad y disponibilidad para ser encontrada por el usuario. En este trabajo se pretende poner de manifiesto la utilidad de los datos enlazados aplicados al ámbito geográfico y mostrar como pueden ser empleados hoy en día. Para ello se han explotado datos enlazados de carácter espacial provenientes de diferentes fuentes, a través de servidores externos o endpoints SPARQL. Además de eso se ha trabajado con un servidor privado capaz de proporcionar información enlazada almacenada en un equipo personal. La explotación de información enlazada se ha implementado en una aplicación web en lenguaje JavaScript, tratando de abstraer totalmente al usuario del tratamiento de los datos a nivel interno de la aplicación. Esta aplicación cuenta además con algunos módulos y opciones capaces de interactuar con las consultas realizadas a los servidores, consiguiendo un entorno más intuitivo y agradable para el usuario. ABSTRACT: In recent years the web has suffered a drastic transformation because of the popularization and the huge amount of stored information. Due to these factors it has gone from Documents web to Semantic web, where the data are linked. The main advantages of Linked Data lie in the ease of his reuse, accessibility and availability to be located by users. The aim of this research is to highlight the usefulness of the geographic linked data and show how can be used at present time. To get this, the spatial linked data coming from several sources have been managed through external servers or also called endpoints. Besides, it has been worked with a private server able to provide linked data stored in a personal computer. The use of linked data has been implemented in a JavaScript web application, trying completely to abstract the internally data treatment of the application to make the user ignore it. This application has some modules and options that are able to interact with the queries made to the servers, getting a more intuitive and kind environment for users

Evaluación de los modelos digitales de terreno y geopotenciales en el Ecuador

Engineering uses digital elevation models to perform calculations and modeling phenomena, since it allows determining the scale at which they can be used and the quality of the by-products obtained. Two groups of models were evaluated, the digital terrain models (DTMs): Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map (ASTER GDEM), ALOS PALSAR and the DTM generated by the Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador (IGM), and the geopotential models (GMs): EGM96, EGM08 and the GM created by the IGM. For the evaluation, the geometric leveling points and ellipsoidal height raised in one of the IGM projects were used to determine atypical values, calculate the mean square error (RMSE) and define the precision and scale at which the different ones can be used. The heights between the DTMs were compared to know their difference. It was determined that the SRTM 30, ALOS PALSAR and IGM DMTs can be used for jobs that require an accuracy of less than 10 meters. The GM EGM08 together with high precision ellipsoidal heights could generate elevation models that can reach an accuracy of 1.25 meters, while the GMs EGM96 and IGM can generate models that achieve an accuracy of 2.5 meters. The ellipsoidal heights of the SRTM 30, ALOS PALSAR and IGM DTMs obtained with the EGM 96 and EGM 08 GMs can only be used in jobs that require an accuracy of less than 10 meters.Los trabajos de ingeniería utilizan los modelos digitales de elevación para realizar cálculos y modelar fenómenos, conocer su precisión permite determinar la escala de uso y la calidad de los subproductos que se obtienen. Existen modelos libres que son muy utilizados en la práctica, como es el caso de los modelos digitales del terreno (MDTs): Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map (ASTER GDEM), ALOS PALSAR, el MDT generado por el Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador (IGM) y los modelos geopotenciales (MGs): EGM96, EGM08 y el MG creado por el IGM. Se evaluaron los modelos utilizando los puntos de nivelación geométrica y altura elipsoidal levantados por el IGM. Se determinaron los valores atípicos, se compararon las alturas entre los MDTs para conocer su diferencia, se calculó el error cuadrático medio (RMSE) y se definió la precisión y escala a la que se pueden emplear los diferentes modelos. Se concluyó que los MDTs SRTM 30, ALOS PALSAR e IGM pueden utilizarse para trabajos que requieran una precisión inferior a los 10 metros. El MG EGM08 junto con alturas elipsoidales de alta precisión podrían generar modelos de elevación que alcancen una precisión de 1.25 metros, mientras que los MGs EGM96 e IGM pueden generar modelos que alcancen una precisión de 2.5 metros. Las alturas elipsoidales de los MDTs SRTM 30, ALOS PALSAR e IGM obtenidos con los MGs EGM 96 y EGM 08 se pueden utilizar si se requiere una precisión inferior a los 10 metros

PREDICCIÓN MEDIANTE SENSORES REMOTOS DE LA SEDIMENTACIÓN EN EL ESTUARIO DEL RÍO CHONE.

La acumulación de sedimentos en la línea costera a nivel mundial es una problemática ambiental relacionada con la erosión y depósito del material sólido en ecosistemas marinos. A lo largo de los años se ha utilizado el avance tecnológico para la estimación de sedimentos en aguas superficiales en distintos puntos hidrográficos. Debido a la continua acumulación de dichas partículas suspendidas se producen cambios en la dinámica fluvial de los ríos, variando el equilibrio de los procesos fluviales y marinos así como la morfología subacuática. En el presente estudio se determinaron las zonas de mayor sedimentación litoral en el estuario del Río Chone, Bahía de Caráquez, y se realizó una predicción del cambio en la dinámica fluvial para el año 2029. El proceso involucró el procesamiento de imágenes satelitales y métodos estadísticos como cadenas de Markov y Autómatas Celulares útiles para realizar predicciones sobre coberturas vegetales, cambios de uso de suelo y aparición de materiales sobre la superficie terrestre basándose en matrices como modelo predictivo. El resultado de este proceso fue la predicción de sedimentos para el año 2029, basándose en coberturas pertenecientes a los años 2015 y 2019, donde se visualiza un aumento de sólidos suspendidos en el estuario del 4.45 km2    para el año 2029 y un modelo de validación de sedimentos perteneciente al año 2019 con un índice kappa del 78% de coincidencia. Se concluye que es factible identificar y predecir la acumulación y variación de sedimentos sobre la superficie reconociendo la dinámica fluvial de los mismos para realizar predicciones mediante imágenes satelitales

Evaluación de los modelos digitales de terreno y geopotenciales en el Ecuador

Los trabajos de ingeniería utilizan los modelos digitales de elevación para realizar cálculos y modelar fenómenos, conocer su precisión permite determinar la escala de uso y la calidad de los subproductos que se obtienen. Existen modelos libres que son muy utilizados en la práctica, como es el caso de los modelos digitales del terreno (MDTs): Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map (ASTER GDEM), ALOS PALSAR, el MDT generado por el Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador (IGM) y los modelos geopotenciales (MGs): EGM96, EGM08 y el MG creado por el IGM. Se evaluaron los modelos utilizando los puntos de nivelación geométrica y altura elipsoidal levantados por el IGM. Se determinaron los valores atípicos, se compararon las alturas entre los MDTs para conocer su diferencia, se calculó el error cuadrático medio (RMSE) y se definió la precisión y escala a la que se pueden emplear los diferentes modelos. Se concluyó que los MDTs SRTM 30, ALOS PALSAR e IGM pueden utilizarse para trabajos que requieran una precisión inferior a los 10 metros. El MG EGM08 junto con alturas elipsoidales de alta precisión podrían generar modelos de elevación que alcancen una precisión de 1.25 metros, mientras que los MGs EGM96 e IGM pueden generar modelos que alcancen una precisión de 2.5 metros. Las alturas elipsoidales de los MDTs SRTM 30, ALOS PALSAR e IGM obtenidos con los MGs EGM 96 y EGM 08 se pueden utilizar si se requiere una precisión inferior a los 10 metros

Disseminating Soil Alterations Using Geoportal on Natural Phenomena: The Case of Cotopaxi-Ecuador Volcano

The Cotopaxi Volcano is one of the most active stratovolcanoes in the world. It is located in the center of Ecuador, surrounded by densely populated cities as Latacunga, Machachi, or Sangoquí, in which the agricultural sector is very important for economic development. Ash emissions and phreatomagmatic eruptions characterized the eruptive process of Cotopaxi volcano in august 2015. A mineralogical study of the ashes showed the presence of heavy metals, which could have been transferred to the soil and could affect agricultural and livestock activities. To evaluate the relationship between the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn and as between the soil, ash and the comparison with local regulations, three farms (Altamira farm, San Ramon farm and La Laguna farm) in the Canton of Mejía were defined as the study area. In those locations, the soil samples were georeferenced with a handheld GPS. The analysis was carried out before acid digestion (EPA 3050B1 method) in an ICP-OES and AMA 254 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The metals analyzed were kept within limits defined in TULSMA Book VI: Annex 2 Soil Resource local regulations. In order to improve the visibility of the study, the presentation of the results was carried out in an open-access geoportal implemented in proprietary software. This geoportal allows the dynamic and interactive visualization of the different concentrations of heavy metals in their corresponding location

Determining the Effects of Nanonutrient Application in Cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> var. <i>capitate</i> L.) Using Spectrometry and Biomass Estimation with UAV

Geospatial technologies are presented as an alternative for the monitoring and control of crops, as demonstrated through the analysis of spectral responses (SR) of each species. In this study, it was intended to determine the effects of the application of nanonutrients (Zn and Mn) in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate L.) by analyzing the relationship between the vegetation indices (VI) NDVI, GNDVI, NGRDI, RVI, GVI, CCI RARSa and the content of chlorophyll (CC), from two trials established in the field and in the greenhouse, together with the calculation of dry biomass production in the field through the use of digital models and its further validation. The results indicated that for greenhouse experiments no significant differences were found between the VIs in the implemented treatments, rather for their phenological states. Whereas in the field assays it was evidenced that there were significant differences between the VIs for the treatments, as well as for the phenological states. The SR issued in the field allowed the evaluation of the behavior of the crop due to the application of nanonutrients, which did not occur in the greenhouse, in the same way. The SR also enabled the spectral characterization of the crop in its phenological states in the two trials. All this information was stored in a digital format, which allowed the creation of a spectral library which was published on a web server. The validation of the dry biomass allowed, by statistical analysis, the efficiency of the method used for its estimation to be confirmed

Spectral analysis of the phenological stages of Lupinus mutabilis through spectroradiometry and unmanned aerial vehicle imaging with different physical disinfection pretreatments of seeds

The economic and cultural importance of lupin has been identified in regions such as the alpine zone of Ecuador, where per capita consumption reaches 0.4 kg per month. However, fungal pathogens affect lupin cultivation, causing considerable crop losses. In this study, Lupinus mutabilis Sweet plants started from seeds were analysed using remote sensing techniques, and different physical disinfection pretreatments were applied. A total of 6 samplings were conducted according to the phenological stages of the crop. A spectroradiometer and an unmanned aerial vehicle were used to generate vegetation indices based on the red, near-infrared and red-edge bands. Using SfM photogrammetry and RTK positioning, the vegetation index values were extracted from the orthophotos and statistically analysed. All the vegetation indices exhibited significant differences between phenological stages, but the differences between pretreatments were not as clear. The best pretreatment was determined to be drying the seeds at ambient temperature for 45 minutes

Determination of Empirical Environmental Indices for the Location of Cemeteries—An Innovative Proposal for Worldwide Use

Cemeteries are a source of environmental contamination, as they hold hundreds of human corpses in different stages of decomposition. Therefore, the current research developed a new tool, which is easily applied, to determine the potential environmental contamination generated by current cemeteries within their ecosystems. The linear equations developed, with a number of variables between 10 and 3, allow for obtaining empirical indices to evaluate the suitability of a site, regardless of the geographical area in which it is located, through a variety of sources. In order to obtain the equations and, therefore, the indices, a hierarchy was performed using the Saaty matrix. With such a matrix, different ranges of affectation were established for each variable and relative values were assigned that cover all probabilities quantitatively, from the least probable to the most likely. With the linear equations, three verification runs were conducted, obtaining satisfactory results compared with the location map of cemeteries obtained in previous studies. These equations will constitute a tool of fundamental use for local governments, which will allow for the evaluation of existing cemeteries and use of the methodology described in preliminary analysis, to save resources and have a starting point for an efficient land use plan

Proposal of an Initial Environmental Management and Land Use for Critical Cemeteries in Central Ecuador

Cemeteries are sites for the final disposal of human bodies that constitute a source of contamination of soil and water as a result of the cadaveric decomposition generated. The current research performed an initial study on the contamination of soil and water due to the influence of cemeteries and verified compliance with the legislation regulating land use and occupation of Central Ecuador (PUGS) with the aim of proposing an environmental and territorial solution to the problems generated by the mismanagement of cemeteries, through the physicochemical analysis of soil and water and studies of land use compatibility. The results indicate the tendency of contamination caused by the studied cemeteries, since the samples taken in both the rainy and dry season for the measurement of parameters BOD5, COD, DO, pH and electrical conductivity fail to meet the established requirements of the Ecuadorian and international environmental regulations. In addition, land use conflicts were encountered in the cemetery grounds. It is concluded that the existing cemeteries should be subjected to more detailed environmental analysis and subsequently should be treated as security landfills in the closure and post-closure stage. Also, it has been concluded that the cemeteries should not be located in urban or peri-urban areas