The Influence of Minimalist Footwear on Knee and Ankle Load during Depth Jumping

Plyometric training is used by athletes to promote strength and explosive power. However plyometric activities such as depth jumping are associated with a high incidence of injuries. This study examined the influence of minimalist and conventional footwear on the loads experienced by the patellofemoral joint and Achilles tendon. Patellofemoral and Achilles tendon forces were obtained from ten male participants using an eight camera 3D motion capture system and force platform data as they completed depth jumps in both footwear conditions. Differences between footwear were calculated using paired t-tests. The results show that the minimalist footwear were associated with significantly lower patellofemoral contact force/ pressure and also knee abduction moment. It is therefore recommended based on these observations that those who are susceptible to knee pain should consider minimalist footwear when performing plyometric training

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a second generation water Cherenkov detector designed to determine whether the currently observed solar neutrino deficit is a result of neutrino oscillations. The detector is unique in its use of D2O as a detection medium, permitting it to make a solar model-independent test of the neutrino oscillation hypothesis by comparison of the charged- and neutral-current interaction rates. In this paper the physical properties, construction, and preliminary operation of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are described. Data and predicted operating parameters are provided whenever possible.Comment: 58 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Nucl. Inst. Meth. Uses elsart and epsf style files. For additional information about SNO see http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca . This version has some new reference

Australian economic developmet : old model and new model

26 p.; 24 cm

Annual estimates of gross domestic product : Australian colonies/states 1861-1976/77

<div>The annual estimates of Gross Domestic Product are presented for three sequential sub-periods:</div><div>1861-1938/39</div><div>1939/40-1947/48</div><div>1948/49-1976/77.</div><div>There is a summary table for each sub-period and each colony/state giving annual estimates of GDP in current prices and GDP in constant prices by industrial sector and shares of industrial sectors in GDP in current prices. These summary tables appear in Microsoft Excel files which are linked in turn to supplementary tables showing the composition of certain of the industrial sectors.</div><div><br></div><div>1. A detailed account of the methods of estimation for each colony/state is contained in Microsoft Word files. These files are located in the directory …\Methods. With some adjustment, the basic approach is to replicate the methods of estimation for the GDP of Australia as a whole made by N. G. Butlin in Australian Domestic Product, Investment and Overseas Borrowing 1861-1938/39 (Cambridge University Press, 1962).<br>2. The results and detailed calculations are available in worksheets. The file …\Data\Index.xls contains links to a master worksheet for each state which in turn has links to constructed time series of the various components of GDP.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Contributor: Monash University. Faculty of Business and Economics. Department of Economics.</div><div><br></div><div>Copyright 2009. W. A. Sinclair<br></div

Implications of differences between elm-inhabiting phytoplasmas and others in 16S RNA group 5

International audienc