Compatibility tests of materials for a lithium-cooled space power reactor concept

Materials for a lithium-cooled space power reactor concept must be chemically compatible for up to 50,000 hr at high temperature. Capsule tests at 1040 C (1900 F) were made of material combinations of prime interest: T-111 in direct contact with uranium mononitride (UN), Un in vacuum separated from T-111 by tungsten wire, UN with various oxygen impurity levels enclosed in tungsten wire lithium-filled T-111 capsules, and TZM and lithium together in T-111 capsules. All combinations were compatible for over 2800 hr except for T-111 in direct contact with UN

Fracture modes of high modulus graphite/epoxy angleplied laminates subjected to off-axis tensile loads

Angelplied laminates of high modulus graphite fiber/epoxy were studied in several ply configurations at various tensile loading angles to the zero ply direction in order to determine the effects of ply orientations on tensile properties, fracture modes, and fracture surface characteristics of the various plies. It was found that fracture modes in the plies of angleplied laminates can be characterized by scanning electron microscope observation. The characteristics for a given fracture mode are similar to those for the same fracture mode in unidirectional specimens. However, no simple load angle range can be associated with a given fracture mode

Exploratory study of bend ductility of selected refractory metal weldments

Bending test for measuring ductility of refractory metal alloy weldment

Compatibility of refractory materials for nuclear reactor poison control systems

Metal-clad poison rods have been considered for the control system of an advanced space power reactor concept studied at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Such control rods may be required to operate at temperatures of about 140O C. Selected poison materials (including boron carbide and the diborides of zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum) were subjected to 1000-hour screening tests in contact with candidate refractory metal cladding materials (including tungsten and alloys of tantalum, niobium, and molybdenum) to assess the compatibility of these materials combinations at the temperatures of interest. Zirconium and hafnium diborides were compatible with refractory metals at 1400 C, but boron carbide and tantalum diboride reacted with the refractory metals at this temperature. Zirconium diboride also showed promise as a reaction barrier between boron carbide and tungsten

Bend transition temperature of arc-cast molybdenum and molybdenum - 0.5-percent- titanium sheet in worked, recrystallized, and welded conditions

Bend transition temperature of arc-cast worked, recrystallized, and welded molybdenum and molybdenum-titanium alloy shee

Evaluation of cermet materials suitable for lithium lubricated thrust bearings for high temperature operation

Cerment materials (HfC - 10 wt% W; HfC - 10 wt% TaC - 10 wt%W; HfC - 2 wt% CbC - 8 wt% Mo;Hfn - 10 wt% W; Hfn - 10 wt% TaN - 10 wt% W; and ZrC - 17 wt% W) were evaluated for possible use as lithium-lubricated bearings in the control system of a nuclear reactor. Tests of compatibility with lithium were made in T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf) capsules at temperatures up to 1090 C. The tendencies of HfC-TaC-W, HfC-CbC-Mo, and HfN-W to bond to themselves and to the refractory alloys T-111 and TZM when enclosed in lithium-filled capsules under a pressure of 2000 psi at 980 and 1200 C for 1933 hours were evaluated. Thermal expansion characteristics were determined for the same three materials from room temperature to 1200 C. On the basis of these tests, HfC-10 TaC-10W and HfN-10W were selected as the best and second best candidates, respectively, of the materials tested for the bearing application

The effects of shoe temperature on the kinetics and kinematics of running

The aim of the current investigation was to examine the effects of cooled footwear on the kinetics and kinematics of running in comparison to footwear at normal temperature. Twelve participants ran at 4.0 m/s ± 5% in both cooled and normal temperature footwear conditions over a force platform. Two identical footwear were worn, one of which was cooled for 30 min. Lower extremity kinematics were obtained using a motion capture system and tibial accelerations were measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Differences between cooled and normal footwear temperatures were contrasted using paired samples t-tests. The results showed that midsole temperature (cooled = 4.21 °C and normal = 23.25 °C) and maximal midsole deformation during stance (cooled = 12.85 mm and normal = 14.52 mm) were significantly reduced in the cooled footwear. In addition, instantaneous loading rate (cooled = 186.21 B.W/s and normal = 167.08 B W/s), peak tibial acceleration (cooled = 12.75 g and normal = 10.70 g) and tibial acceleration slope (cooled = 478.69 g/s and normal = 327.48 g/s) were significantly greater in the cooled footwear. Finally, peak eversion (cooled = −10.57 ° and normal = −7.83°) and tibial internal rotation (cooled = 10.67 ° and normal = 7.77°) were also shown to be significantly larger in the cooled footwear condition. This study indicates that running in cooled footwear may place runners at increased risk from the biomechanical parameters linked to the aetiology of injuries

Mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics of off-axis fiber composites. 1: Experimental investigation

The mechanical behavior, fracture surfaces, and fracture modes of unidirectional high-modulus graphite-fiber/epoxy composites subjected to off-axis tensile loads were investigated experimentally. The investigation included the generation of stress-strain-to-fracture data and scanning electron microscope studies of the fractured surfaces. The results led to the identification of fracture modes and distinct fracture surface characteristics for off-axis tensile loading. The results also led to the formulation of critical for identifying and characterizing these fracture modes and their associated fracture surfaces. The results presented and discussed herein were used in the theoretical investigation and comparisons described in Part 2. These results should also provide a good foundation for identifying, characterizing, and quantifying fracture modes in both off-axis and angle-plied laminates

Environmental Audits and Incentive Compensation

This paper studies the link between environmental audits and employee compensation. The context is a one-period principal-agent relationship where the agent must allocate effort between financial and environmental tasks. The former are routinely monitored while the latter are audited (at some cost) only under specific circumstances. We find that the optimal wages have a lower mean and greater variance when there is an environmental audit than when there is not. This puts more risk on the agent, so the expected wage ex ante is higher and the agent's effort on the environmental task greater than in a situation with no environmental audits. Ce papier étudie le lien entre les audits environnementaux et la rémunération des employés. Dans un modèle d'agence à une période, l'agent doit partager son attention entre les aspects environnementaux et ceux strictement financiers de sa tâche. La performance de l'agent sur le plan financier est constamment surveillée; sur le plan environnemental, par contre, l'employeur n'effectue que des contrôles ponctuels au moyen d'audits environnementaux. On trouve que le salaire optimal a une moyenne inférieure et une variance supérieure quand l'employeur a recours à un audit environnemental. La menace d'un audit environnemental augmente donc le risque pesant sur l'agent, ce qui entraîne que le salaire attendu intialement par l'agent sera plus élevé et son attention aux aspects environnementaux plus forte que si cette menace n'existait pas.Environmental audits ; Employee compensation, Audits environnementaux ; Rémunération des employés

Fracture surface characteristics of off-axis composites

The fracture surface characteristics of off-axis high-modulus graphite-fiber/epoxy composite specimens were studied, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The specimens were subjected to tensile loading at various angles (0 deg - 90 deg) to the fiber direction. SEM photomicrographs of the fractured surfaces revealed three different load angle regions with distinct fracture characteristics. Based on these revelations, criteria were established which can be used to characterize fracture surfaces with respect to a predominant single stress fracture mode