5,344 research outputs found
Studies on the pathogenesis of coeliac disease
Results of the Leucocyte Migration Inhibition
(LMI) test with gluten in adult coeliac disease are
shown to be affected by the histocompatibility antigen
HLA-B8. Normal subjects with B8 show greater immunity
than those lacking B8 and give similar results to
untreated coeliacs. B8 and non-B8 coeliacs give
similar results. A gluten-free diet produces an early
increase in immunity in coeliacs with a later decline.
Production of migration inhibitory factors in blood and
by jejunal mucosa are inversely correlated. Untreated
coeliacs give positive responses in the LMI test to
several dietary antigens similar in magnitude and
prevalence to those seen with gluten. These responses
are uninfluenced by HLA-B8 and do not increase after
gluten exclusion. Results of the LMI test with gluten
are unaffected by puromycin and results of the test
performed with purified polymorphs are similar to and
correlate with results of the standard test. Added T lymphocytes have no effect. These results contrast
with those seen with PPD as antigen. Normal leucocytes
can be sensitised to gluten by coeliac serum and this
sensitisation can be blocked by IgG, suggesting that
migration inhibition is mediated by cytophilic antibody
and not T cell produced lvmphokines.
Jejunal mucosal biopsies from treated coeliac
patients are co-cultured with autologous blood
mononuclear cells. These biopsies show no significant
damage with gluten or lymphocytes alone but
quantitative histology shows evidence of toxicity when
biopsies are cultured with gluten and lymphocytes
together. Phosphatidyl inositol turnover in cultured
biopsies is measured to try and detect a lectin-like
effect of gluten but shows no difference between
coeliacs and controls.
The findings are discussed and the relevant
literature is reviewed
Strategy for community water supplies
Strategy for community water supplie
Conditions Under Which Assessment Supports Students’ Learning
Much evaluation of teaching focuses on what teachers do in class.
This article focuses on the evaluation of assessment arrangements
and the way they affect student learning out of class. It is assumed
that assessment has an overwhelming influence on what, how and
how much students study. The article proposes a set of ‘conditions
under which assessment supports learning’ and justifies these with
reference to theory, empirical evidence and practical experience.
These conditions are offered as a framework for teachers to review the
effectiveness of their own assessment practice
Mixed-monolayer glyconanoparticles for the detection of cholera toxin by surface enhanced raman spectroscopy
The same interactions that a pathogen uses for establishment in a host can be exploited in its detection. The carbohydrates comprising the intestinal cell surface GM1-ganglioside, are targeted by vibrio cholerae via the lectin, cholera toxin, to initiate infection. We report on the preparation of mixed-monolayer, carbohydrate-coated silver nanoparticles (glyconanoparticles) for the sensitive (56 ng/mL), low volume detection of cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) in synthetic freshwater samples and in 5 minutes by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The detection limit falls within the recommended detection range and matches WHO approved test limits. PEGylated galactose and sialic acid are added in a specific ratio to coat the particles in GM1-ganglioside mimics for interaction with CTB and display a synergic effect greater than either glycan alone. This demonstrates the first use of a mixed-monolayer glyconanoparticle which mimics the GM1 ligand, allowing selective interaction with CTB
Breast cancer risk and imprinting methylation in blood
Date of Acceptance: 17/08/2015 Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Breast Cancer Campaign (2008MayPR46) and Fraserburgh Moonlight Prowl Breast Cancer Charity. PH, GH and GWH acknowledge the support of the Scottish Government. We would like to thank Val Bain and Michela Donnarumma for help with the data and sample collection.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Strategic use of nickel(0)-catalyzed enyne–epoxide reductive coupling toward the synthesis of (−)-cyatha-3,12-diene
Various situations are explored in which the nickel(0)-catalyzed enyne–epoxide reductive coupling was utilized to access key intermediates toward the total synthesis of (−)-cyatha-3,12-diene (1). Enantioenriched 3,5-dien-1-ols with a variety of functionality were obtained in a straightforward manner from easily accessible 1,3-enynes and terminal epoxides.National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.) (GM-063755)Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Undergraduate Research Opportunities Progra
Effects of wheat and oat-based whole grain foods on serum lipoprotein size and distribution in overweight middle aged people : a randomised controlled trial
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
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