The Human Blockage Impact on ARIS Assisted D2D Communication Systems

Aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface (ARIS), is an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) mounted by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), represent a promising candidate for assisting device to device (D2D) millimeter wave (mmWave) communication in temporal and urgent situations, e.g., open-air events. IRS can efficiently mitigate the high blockage impact on mmWave propagation signal in base station to device use case. But, the scenario of D2D communication is different as both the transmitter (TX) to ARIS and the ARIS to receiver (RX) links are highly susceptible to be blocked due to the low height of the TX and RX. Consequently, in this paper, the impact of human bodies blockage on ARIS aided D2D mmWave communication is studied. Firstly, we assure the effectiveness of using ARIS in this network to significantly enhance its performance, then, the effect of ARIS height on the blockage occurrence and system performance is investigated to find out the optimum height. Our results proves that ARIS highly mitigates the blockage, reduces it by 85%, comparable to the case without it. Moreover, a high increase in system spectral efficiency, 1.2 bps/Hz, can be guaranteed, if ARIS is configured at optimum height

Cloud Computing as Evolution of Distributed Computing – A Case Study for SlapOS Distributed Cloud Computing Platform

The cloud computing paradigm has been defined from several points of view, the main two directions being either as an evolution of the grid and distributed computing paradigm, or, on the contrary, as a disruptive revolution in the classical paradigms of operating systems, network layers and web applications. This paper presents a distributed cloud computing platform called SlapOS, which unifies technologies and communication protocols into a new technology model for offering any application as a service. Both cloud and distributed computing can be efficient methods for optimizing resources that are aggregated from a grid of standard PCs hosted in homes, offices and small data centers. The paper fills a gap in the existing distributed computing literature by providing a distributed cloud computing model which can be applied for deploying various applications

RXs Directions based Codebook Solution for Passive RIS Beamforming

Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has immensely been deployed to overcome blockage issue and widen coverage for enabling superior performance 6G networks. Mainly, systems use RIS as an assistant to redirect the transmitter (TX) incident signal towards the receiver (RX) by configuring RIS elements amplitudes and phase shifts in a passive beamforming (PBF) process. Channel estimation (CE) based PBF schemes achieve optimal performance, but they need high overhead and time consumption, especially with high number of RIS elements. Codebook (CB) based PBF solutions can be alternatives to overcome these issues by only searching through a limited reflection patterns (RPs) and determining the optimal one based on a predefined metric. However, they consume high power and time relevant to the used CB size. In this work, we propose a direction based PBF (D-PBF) scheme, where we aim to map between the RXs directions and the codebook RPs and store this information in an updated database (DB). Hence, if the matching between a coming RX and a particular RP exists, the proposed scheme will directly select this RP to configure the RIS elements, otherwise, it memorizes this codeword for future searching. Finally, if the matching failed, searching through the memorized RPs will be done to find the optimal one, then updating the DB accordingly. After a time period, which depends on the CB size, the DB will converge, and the D-PBF scheme will need no searching to select the optimal RP. Hence, the proposed scheme needs extremely lower overhead, power, and time comparable to the CE and conventional CB based solutions, while obtaining acceptable performance in terms of effective rate

Network slice allocation for 5G V2X networks: A case study from framework to implementation and performance assessment

Empowered by the capabilities provided by fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is heading from concept to reality. Given the nature of high-mobility and high-density for vehicle transportation, how to satisfy the stringent and divergent requirements for V2X communications such as ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliable connectivity appears as an unprecedented challenging task for network operators. As an enabler to tackle this problem, network slicing provides a power tool for supporting V2X communications over 5G networks. In this paper, we propose a network resource allocation framework which deals with slice allocation considering the coexistence of V2X communications with multiple other types of services. The framework is implemented in Python and we evaluate the performance of our framework based on real-life network deployment datasets from a 5G operator. Through extensive simulations, we explore the benefits brought by network slicing in terms of achieved data rates for V2X, blocking probability, and handover ratio through different combinations of traffic types. We also reveal the importance of proper resource splitting for slicing among V2X and other types of services when network traffic load in an area of interest and quality of service of end users are taken into account.publishedVersionPaid open acces

Radio Propagation Environment Analysis for Neutrino Radio Detection in Salt Mines

Abstract a We consider a neutrino large-scale radio Cherenkov observatory in a Romanian salt mine. We include propagation effects on the radio signal generated and make a threshold analysis, taking into account how the pulse couples to a realistic receiver and signal-to-noise ratio limiting situations

A Hybrid Service Selection and Composition for Cloud Computing Using the Adaptive Penalty Function in Genetic and Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

The rapid development of Cloud Computing (CC) has led to the release of many services in the cloud environment. Service composition awareness of Quality of Service (QoS) is a significant challenge in CC. A single service in the cloud environment cannot respond to the complex requests and diverse requirements of the real world. In some cases, one service cannot fulfill the user’s needs, so it is necessary to combine different services to meet these requirements. Many available services provide an enormous QoS and selecting or composing those combined services is called an Np-hard optimization problem. One of the significant challenges in CC is integrating existing services to meet the intricate necessities of different types of users. Due to NP-hard complexity of service composition, many metaheuristic algorithms have been used so far. This article presents the Artificial Bee Colony and Genetic Algorithm (ABCGA) as a metaheuristic algorithm to achieve the desired goals. If the fitness function of the services selected by the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is suitable, a set of services is further introduced for the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm to choose the appropriate service from, according to each user’s needs. The proposed solution is evaluated through experiments using Cloud SIM simulation, and the numerical results prove the efficiency of the proposed method with respect to reliability, availability, and cost

Assessing the Security of TEMPEST Fonts against Electromagnetic Eavesdropping by Using Different Specialized Receivers

The main topic of the present paper is the printed text protection against electromagnetic infiltration. There are many solutions to protect such data. One of these methods is the one that uses computer fonts that are characterized by special shapes. The suitability of the solution has to be confirmed by many tests and analyses. An important element of such researches is the class of receiving devices used. In the case of measurements of the valuable emissions arising from electronic data processing of the printed text, typical receivers that are used for measurements of electromagnetic compatibility cannot be used. They have to be dedicated devices for measuring the very low level of signal that arises unintentionally. The sensitivity of the receiver must be very high in wide measuring bands. In addition, in order to assess the method of preventing electromagnetic infiltration, it is important to verify it by independent institutions. An additional advantage is the use of different receivers in the assessment process. This paper presents the results of studies made regarding the suitability of two sets of fonts with special shapes (secure symmetrical and secure asymmetrical) in secure information processing. The analysis of the fonts was based on visual examination, a basic method of preliminary assessment of electromagnetic emissions correlated with processed text information, of the images reproduced from unwanted emissions. The tests were carried out at two independent institutions, Military Communication Institute—Poland, Special Telecommunications Services—Romania, using three different types of receivers: Tempest Test System DSI-1550A, Rohde & Schwarz FSET22 and Rohde & Schwarz FSWT. The images obtained in the two independent laboratories with different setup and test equipment confirmed thus without doubt the possibility of using special fonts as the solution against an effectiveness of electromagnetic infiltration. The above assessment is correct, regardless of the used receiver and the environment of implementation of the secure fonts

Quality of Service Based Radio Resources Scheduling for 5G eMBB Use Case

Several use cases appear with 5G and beyond networks such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), where ultra-high data rates and low-latency connections become essential demands for asymmetric services, e.g., 8K video streaming and virtual reality (VR). The millimeter-wave (mmWave) band can be a promising player to handle these applications under the condition of efficient implementation of radio resource management (RRM) schemes, which distribute resources among user equipment (UEs) in the network. Firstly, mmWave UE channels are highly affected by the distance between the access point (AP) and UEs. Secondly, static and dynamic obstacles can easily block the AP-UE line-of-sight (LOS) link; hence, it highly attenuates mmWave signals. Moreover, eMBB applications lack symmetry in their data rate requirements, from 75 Mbps up to 300 Mbps; consequently, UE quality of service (QoS) should be considered in designing RRM schemes. In this paper, we study possible scheduling schemes that can be implemented for the 5G eMBB use case. Moreover, we propose a new demand-based proportional fairness (DPF) scheduling algorithm that first depends on both UE channel conditions and quality-of-service demands, then, if certain UEs reach the requirement, the algorithm prioritizes it only based on their channel quality. Furthermore, in this work, we consider a real model to simulate the effect of blockage occurrence on the performance of scheduling schemes. Results prove that the proposed DPF scheduling scheme outperforms conventional algorithms in terms of UE satisfaction while maintaining high total system throughput and fairness among UEs. For example, assuming blockage occurrence with 16 and 32 UEs, it guarantees satisfaction for more than 99% and 60% of UEs and, at the same time, obtains 3.29 and 4.24 Gbps system throughput and maintains fairness between UEs at 0.99 and 0.82, respectively. In contrast, conventional proportional fairness highly degrades satisfaction to only 74% and 30% to achieve total throughput equal to 3.1 and 4.3 Gbps, respectively

Quality of Service Based Radio Resources Scheduling for 5G eMBB Use Case

Several use cases appear with 5G and beyond networks such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), where ultra-high data rates and low-latency connections become essential demands for asymmetric services, e.g., 8K video streaming and virtual reality (VR). The millimeter-wave (mmWave) band can be a promising player to handle these applications under the condition of efficient implementation of radio resource management (RRM) schemes, which distribute resources among user equipment (UEs) in the network. Firstly, mmWave UE channels are highly affected by the distance between the access point (AP) and UEs. Secondly, static and dynamic obstacles can easily block the AP-UE line-of-sight (LOS) link; hence, it highly attenuates mmWave signals. Moreover, eMBB applications lack symmetry in their data rate requirements, from 75 Mbps up to 300 Mbps; consequently, UE quality of service (QoS) should be considered in designing RRM schemes. In this paper, we study possible scheduling schemes that can be implemented for the 5G eMBB use case. Moreover, we propose a new demand-based proportional fairness (DPF) scheduling algorithm that first depends on both UE channel conditions and quality-of-service demands, then, if certain UEs reach the requirement, the algorithm prioritizes it only based on their channel quality. Furthermore, in this work, we consider a real model to simulate the effect of blockage occurrence on the performance of scheduling schemes. Results prove that the proposed DPF scheduling scheme outperforms conventional algorithms in terms of UE satisfaction while maintaining high total system throughput and fairness among UEs. For example, assuming blockage occurrence with 16 and 32 UEs, it guarantees satisfaction for more than 99% and 60% of UEs and, at the same time, obtains 3.29 and 4.24 Gbps system throughput and maintains fairness between UEs at 0.99 and 0.82, respectively. In contrast, conventional proportional fairness highly degrades satisfaction to only 74% and 30% to achieve total throughput equal to 3.1 and 4.3 Gbps, respectively