Le lexique fourni et interiorisé: un moyen efficace pour construire un genre ?

Cet article présente les premiers résultats d’une recherche s’intéressant à l’articulation entre imitation et invention dans l’écriture chez les jeunes scripteurs. L’étude s’attache à observer les modes de récupération de ressources textuelles fournies par les conditions de production. L’expérimentation a été conçue pour observer l’appropriation d’un genre. Des dispositifs didactiques ont été proposés à plusieurs classes de fin d’école primaire française, à partir de textes littéraires issus de la robinsonnade mis à disposition soit simultanément à l’acte d’écriture soit lors d’une seconde écriture. L’étude montre comment les élèves ont recours à deux procédés contrastés : le réinvestissement du lexique et la reformulation. Les données recueillies mettent en évidence la reprise attendue de mots caractéristiques du genre, et révèlent l’ingéniosité des scripteurs pour restructurer des matériaux langagiers. Certaines stratégies témoignent des difficultés rencontrées par les élèves qui ont eu à interpréter le lexique littéraire puis à le transférer dans leur propre récit. Des modes de reformulation différents coexistent dont on peut offrir une première catégorisation en fonction d’une appropriation plus ou moins réussie du genre considéré.ABSTRACT This article presents the first results of a research on the relationship between imitation and invention in the writing process amongst young writers. The study aims at observing the recovery modes of textual resources provided by the circumstances of production. The experiment was designed to observe the acquisition of a genre. Teaching tools have been proposed to several French classes of Primary school. They were literary texts derived from Robinson-type stories, that were available either immediately when writing, or during the time of a secondary writing. The research shows how students use two contrasting methods, the reinvestment of the lexicon as well as rephrasing. The data highlight the expected reuse of characteristic words of the genre, and reveal the ingenuity of writers in the restructuring of language materials. Some strategies reflect the difficulties faced by the pupils who have had to interpret the literary lexicon and then to transfer it into their own story production. Different rephrasing modes coexist that we can categorize according to a more or less successful appropriation of the genre considered

New insights in gill/buccal rhythm spiking activity and CO2 sensitivity in pre- and post-metamorphic tadpoles (Pelophylax ridibundus)

Central CO2chemosensitivity is crucial for all air-breathing vertebrates and raises the question of itsrole in ventilatory rhythmogenesis. In this study, neurograms of ventilatory motor outputs recorded infacial nerve of premetamorphic and postmetamorphic tadpole isolated brainstems, under normo- andhypercapnia, are investigated using Continuous Wavelet Transform spectral analysis for buccal activityand computation of number and amplitude of spikes during buccal and lung activities. Buccal burstsexhibit fast oscillations (20-30 Hz) that are prominent in premetamorphic tadpoles: they result from thepresence in periodic time windows of high amplitude spikes. Hypercapnia systematically decreases thefrequency of buccal rhythm in both pre- and postmetamorphic tadpoles, by a lengthening of the interburstduration. In postmetamorphic tadpoles, hypercapnia reduces buccal burst amplitude and unmasks smallfast oscillations. Our results suggest a common effect of the hypercapnia on the buccal part of the CentralPattern Generator in all tadpoles and a possible effect at the level of the motoneuron recruitment inpostmetamorphic tadpoles

Intensive care unit admission in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: patient information and the physician’s decision-making process

International audienceIntroduction: ICU admission is required in more than 25% of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at some time during the course of the disease. However, only limited information is available on how physicians communicate with COPD patients about ICU admission. Methods: COPD patients and relatives from 19 French ICUs were interviewed at ICU discharge about their knowledge of COPD. French pulmonologists self-reported their practices for informing and discussing intensive care treatment preferences with COPD patients. Finally, pulmonologists and ICU physicians reported barriers and facilitators for transfer of COPD patients to the ICU and to propose invasive mechanical ventilation. Results: Self-report questionnaires were filled in by 126 COPD patients and 102 relatives, and 173 pulmonologists and 135 ICU physicians were interviewed. For 41% (n = 39) of patients and 54% (n = 51) of relatives, ICU admission had never been expected prior to admission. One half of patients were not routinely informed by their pulmonologist about possible ICU admission at some time during the course of COPD. Moreover, treatment options (that is, non-invasive ventilation, intubation and mechanical ventilation or tracheotomy) were not explained to COPD patients during regular pulmonologist visits. Pulmonologists and ICU physician have different perceptions of the decision-making process pertaining to ICU admission and intubation. Conclusions: The information provided by pulmonologists to patients and families concerning the prognosis of COPD, the risks of ICU admission and specific care could be improved in order to deliver ICU care in accordance with the patient's personal values and preferences. Given the discrepancies in the decision-making process between pulmonologists and intensivists, a more collaborative approach should probably be discussed

Corticomotor control of the genioglossus in awake OSAS patients: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Upper airway collapse does not occur during wake in obstructive sleep apnea patients. This points to wake-related compensatory mechanisms, and possibly to a modified corticomotor control of upper airway dilator muscles. The objectives of the study were to characterize the responsiveness of the genioglossus to transcranial magnetic stimulation during respiratory and non-respiratory facilitatory maneuvers in obstructive sleep apnea patients, and to compare it to the responsiveness of the diaphragm, with reference to normal controls.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Motor evoked potentials of the genioglossus and of the diaphragm, with the corresponding motor thresholds, were recorded in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation applied during expiration, inspiration and during maximal tongue protraction in 13 sleep apnea patients and 8 normal controls.</p> <p>Main Results</p> <p>In the sleep apnea patients: 1) combined genioglossus and diaphragm responses occurred more frequently than in controls (<it>P </it>< 0.0001); 2) the amplitude of the genioglossus response increased during inspiratory maneuvers (not observed in controls); 3) the latency of the genioglossus response decreased during tongue protraction (not observed in controls). A significant negative correlation was found between the latency of the genioglossus response and the apnea-hypopnea index; 4) the difference in diaphragm and genioglossus cortico-motor responses during tongue protraction and inspiratory loading differed between sleep apnea and controls.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Sleep apnea patients and control subjects differ in the response pattern of the genioglossus and of the diaphragm to facilitatory maneuvers, some of the differences being related to the frequency of sleep-related events.</p

One year cost effectiveness of sirolimus eluting stents compared with bare metal stents in the treatment of single native de novo coronary lesions: an analysis from the RAVEL trial

OBJECTIVE: To assess the balance between costs and effects of the sirolimus eluting stent in the treatment of single native de novo coronary lesions in the RAVEL (randomised study with the sirolimus eluting Bx Velocity balloon expandable stent in the treatment of patients with de novo native coronary artery lesions) study. DESIGN: Multicentre, double blind, randomised trial. SETTING: Percutaneous coronary intervention for single de novo coronary lesions. PATIENTS: 238 patients with stable or unstable angina. INTERVENTIONS: Randomisation to sirolimus eluting stent or bare stent implantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were followed up to one year and the treatment effects were expressed as one year survival free of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Costs were estimated as the product of resource utilisation and Dutch unit costs. RESULTS: At one year, the absolute difference in MACE-free survival was 23% in favour of the sirolimus eluting stent group. At the index procedure, sirolimus eluting stent implantation had an estimated additional procedural cost of 1286. At one year, however, the estimated additional cost difference had decreased to 54 because of the reduction in the need for repeat revascularisations in the sirolimus group (0.8% v 23.6%; p < 0.01). After adjustment of actual results for the consequences of angiographic follow up (correction based on data from the BENESTENT (Belgium Netherlands stent) II study), the difference in MACE-free survival was estimated at 11.1% and the addit

Le déjà-là chez des scripteurs apprenants : des ressources diversement exploitées

Cet article porte sur la manière dont des scripteurs débutants emploient et réinvestissent des matériaux linguistiques issus à la fois d’un texte qu’ils ont eux-mêmes produit et d’un corpus de textes littéraires qui leur a été fourni. Il s’intéresse aux modes de récupération de ces matériaux et à la façon dont ceux-ci s’intègrent au texte nouvellement produit. Les observations menées pour identifier et caractériser ces traitements ont porté sur la production de récits ou de suites de récits relevant du genre de la robinsonnade par 48 élèves de fin d’école primaire au cours de deux phrases d’écriture. Ces élèves ont eu à leur disposition un corpus d’extraits littéraires de robinsonnades lors de la deuxième phase d’écriture. L’analyse des données mène vers deux constats. D’une part, on note que la récupération des éléments provenant des textes sources s’effectue selon deux formes différentes de fidélité à ces textes, l’une privilégiant le prélèvement d’éléments, l’autre la restitution sémantique. D’autre part, on observe deux tendances contrastées lors de la réécriture, l’une consistant à maintenir le système déployé en première version et à accorder la prépondérance aux matériaux issus de cette première phase, l’autre dans laquelle les actes décisionnels sont largement déterminés par le substrat littéraire fourni. Ces tendances présentent elles-mêmes des variantes qui sont marquées par l’influence du déjà-là culturel dont dispose l’apprenant. Ces constats fournissent des éléments pour caractériser des modes d’écriture et devraient ouvrir vers des pistes didactiques.This article examines how novice scriptwriters use and reinvest linguistic elements from both a text that they had previously written themselves and a corpus of literary texts that had been provided to them. In particular, this article focuses on how such elements are re-exploited to fit into a newly generated text. The observations carried out to identify and characterise these processes derive from the production of narratives and of successions of stories of the “robinsonade” genre by 48 pupils at the end of primary school following a two-phase process. These pupils were provided with a body of “robinsonade” extracts during the second writing phase. The data analysis leads to two conclusions. First, the recycling of elements from the source texts stems from two different forms of loyalty towards the said texts: one favouring the removal of elements, the other favouring semantic restitution. Secondly, two contrasting trends are observed when it comes to rewriting. The first one consists in maintaining the system originally used to produce the first version and to favour elements used during this first phase. In the second one, decision-making is largely determined by the literary substrate that is provided. Variants exist amongst these tendencies and they are influenced by the “already-there” culture of the one who learns. The above findings provide material to characterise ways of writing and should help open new didactic approaches