Fundamental Rights and Judicial Review: The Zambian Experience

A legal analysis of how the Zambian Bill of Rights is applied in real life situations in Zambian courts of law.This article is about the application of the Zambian Bill of Rights to real life by the Courts. In a wider sense it is also a comparative study of similar types of constitutional devices. The article was originally written several years ago during my days as an academic lawyer. It has been updated a few times up until 1981 when publication was expected but then became unavoidably delayed. Therefore I do not lay any claim to be making an up to date statement of Zambian law or any other law that is referred to. However I do believe that most of what is stated is still valid though not exhaustive. Perhaps the article will prove more valuable to the reader with a more universal interest in fundamental rights and the way they have been conceived and interpreted in various jurisdictions over the last century

Economic structural adjustment programmes in the Southern African development community : an analysis of impact and policy considerations with special reference to Zambia and Zimbabwe

Bibliography: leaves 183-189.This study is primarily aimed at examining the impact of World Bank / IMF, structural adjustment programmes in the SADC region. However, the main focus of the study was on Zimbabwe and Zambia. These World Bank / IMF-influenced perestroikas, are believed to be viable panacea, for the state of economic malaise prevalent in the SADC region. In undertaking this research, various methods were utilised to acquire data. A case study approach was used. However, the main method of data collection which was heavily relied upon was document study. The collected data was analysed and presented in both graphical and tabular form. This study, inter alia, established that the implementation of IMF / WB structural adjustment programmes in the SADC region has precipitated a plethora of insurmountable socio-economic problems for the citizenry of both Zimbabwe and Zambia. Furthermore, the research has revealed that IMF / WB influenced structural adjustment programmes have culminated in large-scale unemployment, retrenchments, an acute decline in educational and health standards, ever-skyrocketing food prices, rents, taxes, mass exodus of qualified human resources to greener pastures, big debts, inflation and labour strikes in Zimbabwe and Zambia

Sludge deposition and caustic embrittlement in the pre-mature failure of a waste heat boiler steel plate

A research experiment to determine the pre-mature failure of a waste heat boiler steel plate.A failure investigation of a welded waste heat boiler steel shell that developed transverse cracks was carried out in 1996 to determine the cause of failure as well as propose measures to be adopted to prevent similar failures occurring in the future. The boiler had been in service for several years before two cracks across two traversing circumferential welds were discovered on the underside during routine inspection. Chemical and metallographic analyses indicated that the boiler plate was made from a conventional C-Mn steel and that it was certainly suitable forthe purpose. The boiler interior showed massive deposition of a calcareous sludge on the walls and tube bundles. This was attributed to an excessive use of sodium orthophosphate to reduce the hardness of the boiler feed water. The high levels of Na+and P043 ions found in both the sludge and boiler feed water analyses were taken as confirmatory evidence. Feed water quality monitored data forthe period January 1994 to October 1995 showed pH values that were in excess of 12.4, a figure much higher than the recommended pH range of 8 to 11. The high pH is thought to have been responsible for the occurrence of cracking as a result of caustic embrittlement. This point of view is supported by the observation of intergranular separation in the microstructures adjacent to the crack paths

Effects of Crude Oil on the Growth of Oyster Mushroom; Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacaum ex.fr. Kummer)

: The effect of crude oil on polluted sawdust on the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus was evaluated. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANVOA) and the mean separation was done using Duncan Multiple Range test (DMRT) at the probability of 5%. Result showed that micro-morphological characteristics of P. ostreatus grown on sawdust polluted with crude oil at varying concentrations of 50 ml, 100ml and 150ml and allowed to be contaminated for 8, 10 and 12 day respectively before sowing the mycelia in the polluted sawdust. Marco-Morphological at 10ml level of crude oil polluted sawdust significantly reduced the marco-morphological features of the P. ostreatus mushroom harvest at different days compared to 50ml crude oil polluted sawdust, in 8 days, the cap length measurement are (4.43cm±1.10 – 6.55cm±1.10), for stipe length (3.31cm ± 0.01 - 7.41cm ± 0.02) while the fresh fruit body weight (115.2g ± 2.01 - 175.3g ± 2.01). It is observed that the growing of P. ostreatus using wastes will help to reduce the huge agricultural wastes within our environment that sometimes when not properly managed caused serious environmental pollution. The research therefore recommended for the use of sawdust in the growing of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom species, since sawdust and mushroom are good remediators of crude oil pollution. The summary of the result indicated that increase in crude oil pollution significantly (P≤0.5) affected the macro morphological features of the oyster mushroom production.Keywords: Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, morphological parameters and crude oil

Empirical Analysis of Exchange Rate Determinants in Rwanda (2000─2015)

This study examined the determinants of exchange rate behavior in Rwanda for the period of 2000Q1-2015Q4. The econometrics approach was focused on the extent at which exchange rate correlated with the macroeconomic factors and some elements of non parity determinants of exchange rate. Special emphasis is placed upon the short and long run impact of the regressors. The relationship was investigated by means of the regression analysis. The ordinary least square (OLS) was used to analyze data and confirmed the positive effect of broad money, discount rate, external government debts and real gross domestic products on exchange rate except trade balance, with an adjusted R squared of 94.6% and F statistics of 224.4694 with a very low probability of 0.0000. The study employed the Co-integration Technique and Error Correction Modeling proposed by Engle and Granger (1987), which provides mechanisms to deal with the problems of Unit Root faced in the time series data. Evidences support the view that, there was one co-integrating equation which normalized the coefficient of log exchange rate. By applying ECM technique the speed of adjustment of the model was 1.3% with an error correction model coefficient of -0.013028 which means that 1.3% of errors realized in previous quarter are corrected in the current one, and each quarter 1.3% of disequilibrium errors was corrected due to any change from the equilibrium. While analyzing the determinants of exchange rate in Rwanda, most of the test confirmed that explanatory variables are statistically significant in short run at 5% level of significance, and many variables driving long run include broad money and trade balance with a coefficients of 0.969885 and 0.119752 respectively. The highest probabilities indicated by granger causality test confirmed undirection causality between variables. The impulse response function indicated the highest short run effects of discount rate where variance decomposition of log exchange rate supports the evidence of long run relationship between exchange rate and three explanatory variables (money supply, external government debts and trade balance). Keywords: Exchange rate, non parity elements, Macroeconomic factors, econometric approac

Special Educators’ Experiences with Professional Development and Implementation Support in Using Digital Social Stories for Students with Autism

Students with autism need social skills to succeed academically, which can be fostered with the use of digital social stories (DSSs). While many special educators are expected to use DSSs to teach social skills because of increased elementary autism diagnoses, a significant number of DSS users are unprepared. The problem addressed in this qualitative project study was that special educators were not receiving adequate professional development and implementation support to use DSSs to teach autism-related social skills. The purpose of this research was to explore the special educators’ experiences with professional development and implementation support. The concerns-based adoption model and Magana’s T3 framework were used as conceptual frameworks, and the research questions were created to explore special educators\u27 professional development and implementation support experiences with DSSs. This study used a basic, qualitative design to select 11 participants and collect interview data. A comprehensive two-cycle coding process was used for data analysis. The findings revealed five themes: a lack of professional development, school–wide support, district support, limited digital tools and resources, and unpreparedness to use DSSs. A professional development plan addressed these themes. A scaffolded 5-week online course on curating and developing DSSs was created. This study will contribute to positive social change for special educators using DSSs to teach appropriate social skills to students with autism and affect the local community by helping students promote self-awareness, better understand and follow the rules and routines, gain a sense of others\u27 perspectives, and identify critical social cues

Genocide, citizenship and political identity crisis in postcolonial Africa : Rwanda as case study.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.To state that the 1994 Rwandan genocide was one of the most horrific catastrophes that occurred in the 20th century is to restate the obvious. This thesis is an analytical exploration of the root causes of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. It explains how Tutsi became non-indigenous Hamities and how Hutu became native indigenous, leaving the two populations to be identified along racial and ethnic lines. In 1933, the Belgians introduced identity cards which specified one‟s ethnic affiliation, giving birth to political identities as Hutu and Tutsi ceased to become cultural identities and became political identities. The identities of Hutu and Tutsi were not only legally enforced, but they also became linked to the governance of the state. Tutsi was now associated with state power and domination, while Hutu was linked with suppression and discrimination. Independent Rwanda, the Hutu took over power and continued to subscribe to some of the colonial racists ideologies and maintained Tutsi and Hutu as political identities. The once oppressed Hutu became the oppressor, whilst the once dominate Tutsi became the oppressed. The victim group construction theories were used in this study to examine the ills of race-branding in independent Rwanda. The Hutu regimes of the First Republic (1962-1973) and the Second Republic (1973-1994), failed to go beyond the colonist‟s strategy of divide and rule and instead continued to apply this racist ideology to bring justice to the Hutu, which turned into revenge for the Tutsi. Hence, this study analysis and evaluates how the citizenship and political identity crisis led to the 1994 Rwandan genocide

Opportunistic Infections and Associated Factors among HIV-Infected Adult Persons on Antiretroviral Therapy at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda: A cross-sectional study

Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is among the highest health crises that humanity ever confronted and it causes progressive weakening of the immune system leading to opportunistic infections (OIs) or malignancies during the natural course of the disease. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with the occurrence of OIs among adult PLWHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Ruhengeri referral hospital. Methodology A cross-sectional study was performed by reviewing records of HIV-positive adult (≥ 15 years) on ART enrolled at Ruhengeri referral hospital from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2017. Opportunistic infections were reported based on clinical diagnosis and the prevalence of OIs was determined. Results The study reviewed records from 423 PLWHIV. Thirty-nine (9.2%) PLWHIV had been diagnosed with OIs; and frequent OIs were tuberculosis (20%), oral candidiasis, pneumonia and STI (15.6% each). The independent risk factors for developing OIs were being jobless (AOR = 5.03, 95% CI = 2.13, 32.99), spending more than five years on ART (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI = 1.12-16.78) and starting ART at WHO clinical stage III (AOR = 4.88, 95% CI = 1.65-16.78). Conclusion There is a need to strengthen the management of opportunistic infections despite the use of ART at Ruhengeri referral hospital. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(3):323-33

Special Educators’ Experiences with Professional Development and Implementation Support in Using Digital Social Stories for Students with Autism

Students with autism need social skills to succeed academically, which can be fostered with the use of digital social stories (DSSs). While many special educators are expected to use DSSs to teach social skills because of increased elementary autism diagnoses, a significant number of DSS users are unprepared. The problem addressed in this qualitative project study was that special educators were not receiving adequate professional development and implementation support to use DSSs to teach autism-related social skills. The purpose of this research was to explore the special educators’ experiences with professional development and implementation support. The concerns-based adoption model and Magana’s T3 framework were used as conceptual frameworks, and the research questions were created to explore special educators\u27 professional development and implementation support experiences with DSSs. This study used a basic, qualitative design to select 11 participants and collect interview data. A comprehensive two-cycle coding process was used for data analysis. The findings revealed five themes: a lack of professional development, school–wide support, district support, limited digital tools and resources, and unpreparedness to use DSSs. A professional development plan addressed these themes. A scaffolded 5-week online course on curating and developing DSSs was created. This study will contribute to positive social change for special educators using DSSs to teach appropriate social skills to students with autism and affect the local community by helping students promote self-awareness, better understand and follow the rules and routines, gain a sense of others\u27 perspectives, and identify critical social cues