Association of meat and dairy consumption with normal weight metabolic obesity in men: the Qazvin Metabolic Diseases Study

Abstract BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is not limited to obese individuals. Normal weight individuals may also be insulin resistant. The aim of this study was to determine the association of lifestyle and diet patterns with IR in normal weight Iranian men. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 232 men with a body mass index lower than 25 kg/m2 (aged 20-72 years old) between September 2010 and April 2011 in Qazvin, Iran. Metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) was defined as IR using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). The optimal cut point to diagnose IR was the 80th percentile of HOMA-IR values in normal subjects. The HOMA-IR cut point was 2.48. Dietary pattern was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using backward logistic regression and ANCOVA. RESULTS: Fat and meat consumption and energy intake in subjects with MONW were more than subjects without MONW. Each serving of meat consumption was associated with three times increased risk of MONW (OR: 3.06), while each serving of dairy consumption was associated with 56 % lower risk of MONW with borderline significance (OR: 0.64). Adjusted mean of HOMA-IR in the first tertile of dairy consumption was significantly higher than other tertiles. Adjusted HOMA-IR value in the third tertile of meat consumption was significantly higher than the second tertile. CONCLUSION: Higher meat consumption was associated with MONW in men. Higher meat consumption and lower dairy consumption were associated with higher means of HOMA-IR. KEYWORDS: Body mass index; Diet; Insulin resistance; Meat; Mil

Effect of vitamin D administration in vitamin D-deficient pregnant women on maternal and neonatal serum calcium and vitamin D concentrations: a randomised clinical trial

There are several studies in which a correlation between maternal vitamin D deficiency and serum mineral disorders in the mother and the newborn has been reported. The present randomised clinical trial was designed to investigate the effect of vitamin D administration on maternal and fetal Ca and vitamin D status. The trial was carried out on 160 pregnant women. Vitamin D-deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) ,30 ng/ml) pregnant women were recruited at 26–28 weeks of pregnancy. In the control group, a multivitamin supplement containing 400 IU vitamin D3/d was given. Patients in the treatment group were treated with 50 000 IU vitamin D3 weekly for a total duration of 8 weeks. At delivery, maternal and fetal Ca and 25(OH)D levels in both groups were compared. In total, 81 % of pregnant women were vitamin D deficient. At the time of delivery, Ca and vitamin D levels were higher in the treatment group compared with the control group (92 (SD 3) v. 85 (SD 4) mg/l, respectively, P¼0·001 for serum Ca; 47·8 (SD 11·1) v. 15·9 (SD 6·6) ng/ml, respectively, P,0·001 for vitamin D). At the time of delivery, 32·7 % of women in the control group had hypocalcaemia, while no hypocalcaemic case was detected in the vitamin D-treated group. Mean neonatal serum 25(OH)D was higher in the treatment group compared with the control group (27·7 (SD 5·2) v.10·9 (SD 4·4) ng/ml, respectively, P,0·01). The neonatal Ca level in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (99 (SD 3) v. 91 (SD 3) mg/l, respectively, P,0·001). The administration of vitamin D to pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency improves both maternal and neonatal Ca levels

Effect of treatment with vitamin D on maternal and neonatal indices in pregnant women with hypocalcemia: A randomized controlled trial

The impact of concomitant vitamin D deficiency and maternal hypocalcemia on fetal growth has is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of treatment with vitamin D on maternal and neonatal indices in pregnant women with hypocalcemia. Materials and Methods This clinical trial was conducted on 110 pregnant women (22-26 weeks of gestational age) with simultaneous mild hypocalcemia (8 < serum calcium< 8.5 mg/dL) and vitamin D deficiency (25 (OH) D< 75 nmol/L). The study subjects were randomly allocated to intervention (n=55) and control (n=55) groups. In the control group, the subjects were given daily prenatal capsule until delivery. In the intervention group, the subjects were given 50,000 Units vitamin D weekly for eight weeks in addition to prenatal capsules until delivery similar to the control group. At delivery, maternal calcium and 25 (OH) D level and neonatal indices (weight, height, and head circumference) were measured and compared between the groups. Results At delivery, mean maternal vitamin D level was 97.5±23.4 nmol/L in the intervention group and 48.9±17.2 nmol/L in the control group, respectively (P<0.001). Mean maternal calcium level in the intervention group was higher than the control group (9.0±0.6 mg/dl vs. 8.8±0.5 mg/dl) but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Mean neonatal weight, height, and head circumference were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion In pregnant women with mild hypocalcemia, treatment with vitamin D would not have effect on mean serum calcium and neonatal indices. Key Words: Body height, Body weight, Hypocalcemia, Pregnancy, Vitamin D deficiency

Effect of Treatment with Vitamin D on Maternal and Neonatal Indices in Pregnant Women with Hypocalcemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background The impact of concomitant vitamin D deficiency and maternal hypocalcemia on fetal growth has is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of treatment with vitamin D on maternal and neonatal indices in pregnant women with hypocalcemia. Materials and Methods This clinical trial was conducted on 110 pregnant women (22-26 weeks of gestational age) with simultaneous mild hypocalcemia (8 0.05). Mean neonatal weight, height, and head circumference were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion In pregnant women with mild hypocalcemia, treatment with vitamin D would not have effect on mean serum calcium and neonatal indices. Key Words: Body height, Body weight, Hypocalcemia, Pregnancy, Vitamin D deficienc

The relationship of vitamin D and calcium level with preeclampsia severity: A case-control study

Background Vitamin D deficiency is associated with physiologic changes that are similar to pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Although association of vitamin D and preeclampsia has been studied previously, their results are not consistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of serum vitamin D and calcium with preeclampsia severity. Materials and Methods: This case- control study was conducted in 75 healthy pregnant women and 74 pregnant women with preeclampsia (46 mild preeclampsia and 28 severe preeclampsia) in Qazvin, Iran in 2015. Serum vitamin D, calcium, and albumin were measured; corrected calcium was also calculated. Hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency were compared between the groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the independent association of hypocalcemia and hypovitaminosis D with preeclampsia. Results Mean serum vitamin D level was 27.7±15.3, 22.9±15.9, and 27.6±16.6 in normal, mild preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia groups (P> 0.05); also vitamin D deficiency was not different between the groups. Hypocalcemia in severe preeclampsia group was more frequent than normal group (25.9% vs. 6.6%, P: 0.017). Hypocalcemia was associated with severe preeclampsia after adjustment for age, parity, and calcium supplement consumption (OR: 6.7, 95% CI: 1.45-30.79; P: 0.015). Conclusion There was not any association between vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia in the present study, however low corrected serum calcium was associated with about six times increased risk of sever preeclampsia. More studies are needed to determine the role of hypocalcemia and vitamin D in preeclampsia. Key Words: Hypocalcemia, Pre-eclampsia, Pregnancy, Vitamin D deficienc

Small scale effect on linear vibration of buckled size-dependent FG nanobeams

The thermal stress due to the temperature rise in micro/nano-beams with immovable ends produces compressive axial force which can lead to buckling the beams if its value increases over the critical value. Hence, the investigation of dynamical behaviour of thermal buckled micro/nano-beams is an important topic. The present study is an attempt to present linear free vibration of buckled FG nano-beams. It is assumed that the material properties of FGMs are graded in the thickness direction. The partial differential equation of motion is derived based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, von-Karman geometric nonlinearity and Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. The exact solution of the post-buckling configurations of FG nano-beams and polynomial-based differential quadrature method are employed to study the linear behaviour of vibrated nano-beams around their post-buckling configurations. The results show the important role of compressive axial force exerted on FG nano-beams in nonlocal behaviour of vibrating FG nano-beams

Linear free vibration of micro-/nano-plates with cut-out in thermal environment via modified couple stress theory and Ritz method

This article aims to study the natural frequency of defective micro-/nano-plates because not only the existence of cut-outs in plates may be essential on the basis of their desired functionality but also the resonant frequency can be changed by cut-outs. In this study, the modified couple stress theory is combined with Kirchhoff thin plate hypothesis to incorporate size effect to classical plate theory. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is employed to derive discrete equations of motion which yields eigenvalue problem. In the ‘numerical results’ section, the effects of different boundary conditions, location of the cut-out, side-length to thickness ratio and a rise in the temperature on dimensionless fundamental frequency of polysilicon micro-plates are studied. Results demonstrate that the natural frequency of micro-plate, the cut out of which is far from the plate center is more than that of micro-plate with a square hole close to the plate center. Keywords: Modified couple stress, Ritz method, Micro-/nano-plate with cut outs, Free vibratio

Steady state response of functionally graded nano-beams resting on viscous foundation to super-harmonic

This article attempts to investigate the effects of small scale parameter on steady state response of functionally graded nano-beams resting on a viscous foundation to super-harmonic excitation. A simple power-law distribution is used to model the variation of material property graded in the thickness direction. The dimensionless partial differential equation of motion is derived by using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, von-Karman geometric nonlinearity and Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. Using multiple scale method, one can find the governing equations of steady state response of functionally graded nano-beams excited by distributed harmonic force. The small scale parameter (e0a) is changed between 0 and 2 to investigate the effects of small scale on steady state response of excited functionally graded nano-beams due to lack of information. The study of the effects of small scale parameter on backbone curves shows that an increase in the small scale parameter often decreases the dimensionless peak response although the type of loading can change the relationship between small scale parameter and the dimensionless peak response

Association of education and marital status with normal weight metabolic obesity in men residing in Minoodar district, Qazvin

Background: Individuals with metabolic obesity but normal weight (MONW) are frequently undetected because of their normal body mass index (BMI). Therefore, it is important to identify factors associated with MONW. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association of education and marital status with normal weight metabolic obesity in men. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in 232 men with a BMI less than 25 kg/m2 in Qazvin, Iran from September 2010 to April 2011. MONW was defined as insulin resistance (IR) in subjects with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 . IR was determined using the 80th percentile of the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) in normal subjects. Education was classified into four categories (1: elementary school or illiterate, 2: secondary or high school, 3: diploma and associate degree, and 4: Bachelor of Science and higher). Data were analyzed using T-test, Mann Whitney U test, logistic regression analysis and analysis of covariance. Results: Of 232, 78 subjects (32.6%) had MONW. The second to fourth categories of education were associated with 6.2, 8.3, and 6.7-fold increased risk of MONW compared to the first category. Marriage frequency was 97.5%, 68.6%, and 41% in the first, third and fourth category, respectively. After adding marital status as covariate, there were no significant differences between the categories in mean HOMA-IR. Conclusion: With regards to the results, MONW was more probable in men with higher level of education and unmarried men. Keywords: Insulin Resistance, Education, Marital Status, Body Mass Inde