Adicción al ejercicio medida a través del Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) y salud en deportistas habituales. Una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis

Cada vez es más frecuente la investigación sobre adicción al ejercicio debido a la importancia del exceso de actividad física en la salud general. Diferentes estudios han investigado la prevalencia del riesgo de adicción al ejercicio (RAE) y sus consecuencias, existiendo contradicciones con respecto a la asociación entre el RAE y las variables asociadas al entrenamiento. Uno de los objetivos de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar los estudios que han usado el Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) para valorar el RAE, así como realizar un meta-análisis para observar las posibles diferencias entre grupos con y sin RAE respecto a la prevalencia, edad, variables de salud (calidad de vida física y mental, desórdenes alimentarios) o de entrenamiento físico (horas/semana). Las búsquedas de estudios se realizaron en bases de datos electrónicas como Pubmed, SPORTDiscus o Scopus, y se hicieron utilizando términos de indexación y palabras clave relacionados con materias médicas o ciencias del deporte. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: participantes evaluados con el EAI; resultados reportados de prevalencia de RAE y/o puntuación en dicho cuestionario; diseño observacional. Veinte estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad para la revisión sistemática y 17 fueron incluidos en el meta-análisis. Los resultados mostraron peores valores en calidad de vida mental y trastornos de alimentación en el grupo con RAE comparado con el grupo sin RAE. Además, el grupo con RAE era más joven y realizaba más horas de entrenamiento semanal. No obstante, es necesaria más investigación. Research on physical exercise addiction is becoming more frequent due to the importance of excessive physical activity on health in general. Different studies have investigated the prevalence of risk of exercise addiction (REA) and its consequences. Furthermore, there exist a series of contradictions regarding the relationship between REA and other variables associated with physical training. One goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis consists of analysing possible differences in prevalence, age, general health (mental and physical quality of life, eating disorders) and physical training (hours/week) between groups with REA and non-addicted groups. The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was used to undertake this research. Research was carried out in electronic databases such as Pubmed, SPORTDiscus or Scopus. Inclusion criteria: Studies were eligible as long as participants were measured with EAI, results showed prevalence of REA and/or EAI score, and the study was observational. Twenty studies met the established eligibility criteria for inclusion in the systematic review, whereas seventeen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Regarding mental quality of life, results showed lower values for the exercise addiction risk group, compared with the nonaddicted group. The exercise addiction group was younger than the non-addicted group and dedicated more weekly hours to physical training. Subjects with REA have a lower health profile than those with non-REA. However, more research is required, given the lack of consensus on how to measure exercise addiction and the scarce number of studies to date

Los centros de fitness de la ciudad de Zaragoza [The Fitness Centres of the City of Zaragoza]

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir de forma detallada las características de los centros de fitness de la ciudad de Zaragoza (España). Un total de 19 centros participaron en el estudio y sus direcciones técnicas o equipos de coordinación, previo contacto telefónico, cumplimentaron un cuestionario creado al efecto, utilizando la herramienta Google Drive. Entre las variables del estudio se encuentran la superficie de los centros, antigüedad, número de trabajadores, cuota mensual, actividades ofertadas, actividades preferidas por los usuarios, tipos de sala de entrenamiento, realización de valoraciones funcionales o adaptación para personas con discapacidad. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the characteristics of the fitness centres in Zaragoza (Spain). A total of 19 centres participated in the study, and after telephone contact, their technical directors or coordinators completed a questionnaire created for this purpose on “Google Drive”. Among the variables of the study are the size of the centres, their age, the number of workers, monthly subscription, activities offered, activities preferred by the users, kinds of training rooms in the centres, and whether they perform functional assessments or adaptation for persons with disabilities

Professional profile of workers in the fitness sector in the city of Zaragoza [Perfil profesional de los trabajadores del sector del fitness en la ciudad de Zaragoza]

Currently, the Fitness sector is booming in our country, which leads to a significant increase in jobs related to it. However, the profile of its workers has barely been studied. The purpose of this work is to describe the characteristics of professionals employed in fitness centers in a representative city at a national level such as Zaragoza (Spain). Said description is made by the Technical Directors and/or coordinators of the contracting centers. In the consumer sector the Aragonese capital is usually the city that best represents the Spanish socioeconomic reality, since it has a large size, located halfway between Madrid, Barcelona and Euskadi. Zaragoza meets the conditions to represent well the Spanish average in many market studies. 19 centers participated in the study and their technical directors or coordinators completed a questionnaire created for this purpose. The percentages of men and women working in the sector in the city of Zaragoza are very close. The work centers usually establish incentive policies of continuous training, sharing their expenses frequently between worker and company (79%). The vast majority of centers have at least one graduate in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, who performs tasks of monitorer or instructor in most cases. When it comes to hiring professionals of a fitness center, work experience prevails in front of the skills in the position, personality, or education degree, respectively. © Federacion Espanola de Docentes de Educacion Fisica. All rights reserved.e by the Technical Directors and/or coordinators of the contracting centers. In the consumer sector the Aragonese capital is usually the city that best represents the Spanish socioeconomic reality, since it has a large size, located halfway between Madrid, Barcelona and Euskadi. Zaragoza meets the conditions to represent well the Spanish average in many market studies. 19 centers participated in the study and their technical directors or coordinators completed a questionnaire created for this purpose. The percentages of men and women working in the sector in the city of Zaragoza are very close. The work centers usually establish incentive policies of continuous training, sharing their expenses frequently between worker and company (79%). The vast majority of centers have at least one graduate in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, who performs tasks of monitorer or instructor in most cases. When it comes to hiring professionals of a fitness center, work experience prevails in front of the skills in the position, personality, or education degree, respectively

Dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in large cohorts: The SUN and PREDIMED studies

[Background]: Inflammation is known to be related to the leading causes of death including cardiovascular disease, several types of cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, depression-suicide and other chronic diseases. In the context of whole dietary patterns, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) was developed to appraise the inflammatory potential of the diet. [Objective]: We prospectively assessed the association between DII scores and all-cause mortality in two large Spanish cohorts and valuated the consistency of findings across these two cohorts and results published based on other cohorts.[Design]: We assessed 18,566 participants in the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) cohort followed-up during 188,891 person-years and 6790 participants in the “PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterránea” (PREDIMED) randomized trial representing 30,233 person-years of follow-up. DII scores were calculated in both cohorts from validated FFQs. Higher DII scores corresponded to more proinflammatory diets. A total of 230 and 302 deaths occurred in SUN and PREDIMED, respectively. In a random-effect meta-analysis we included 12 prospective studies (SUN, PREDIMED and 10 additional studies) that assessed the association between DII scores and all-cause mortality.[Results]: After adjusting for a wide array of potential confounders, the comparison between extreme quartiles of the DII showed a positive and significant association with all-cause mortality in both the SUN (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.98; P-trend = 0.004) and the PREDIMED cohort (HR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.02; P-trend = 0.009). In the meta-analysis of 12 cohorts, the DII was significantly associated with an increase of 23% in all-cause mortality (95% CI: 16%–32%, for the highest vs lowest category of DII).[Conclusion]: Our results provide strong and consistent support for the hypothesis that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with increased all-cause mortality. The SUN cohort and PREDIMED trial were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02669602 and at isrctn.com as ISRCTN35739639, respectively.Supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish Government, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through grants provided to research networks specifically developed for the trial (RTIC G03/140, to R.E.; RTIC RD 06/0045, to Miguel A. Martínez-González) and through Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), and by grants from Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC 06/2007), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria–Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Proyecto de Investigación (PI) 04-2239, PI 05/2584, CP06/00100, PI07/0240, PI07/1138, PI07/0954, PI 07/0473, PI10/01407, PI10/02658, PI11/01647, P11/02505, PI13/00462, PI13/00615, PI13/01090, PI14/01668, PI14/01798, PI14/01764), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Recursos y teconologia agroalimentarias(AGL)-2009-13906-C02 and AGL2010-22319-C03 and AGL2013-49083-C3-1- R), Fundación Mapfre 2010, the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0105/2007), the Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Generalitat Valenciana (Generalitat Valenciana Ayuda Complementaria (GVACOMP) 06109, GVACOMP2010-181, GVACOMP2011-151), Conselleria de Sanitat y, PI14/01764 AP; Atención Primaria (CS) 2010-AP-111, and CS2011-AP-042), and Regional Government of Navarra (P27/2011).). Drs. Shivappa and Hébert were supported by grant number R44DK103377 from the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases