Correlation between specific IgM levels and percentage IgG-class antibody avidity to Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis is an usually asymptomatic worldwide disseminated infection. In its congenital presentation it may lead to abortion or fetal malformations. Antenatal evaluation is considered of paramount importance to identify seronegative women and allow for prophylaxis. Recent improvements in sensitivity of IgM tests has made IgM detection an extremely protracted acute phase marker, and IgG avidity evaluation test became necessary. Observation has shown that a correlation can be established between IgM levels and avidity percentages, suggesting that frequently the avidity test may not be necessary. In this study we analyzed Toxoplasma gondii IgM levels of 202 samples and their IgG avidity percentages, in order to define specific levels whose IgM quantification could by itself define serodiagnosis and therefore make the avidity evaluation unnecessary. We showed that for IgM levels bellow 2.0 and above 6.0 serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis could be established without need of IgG avidity test. IgM levels between these two parameters are associated with varying avidity indexes highlighting the importance of its evaluation as a means to confirm toxoplasmosis. Following this demonstration it was possible to avoid the avidity test for 75% of the cases, to reduce the turnaround time and to reduce costs.A Toxoplasmose é uma infecção universal e usualmente assintomática. A forma congênita, entretanto, pode resultar em aborto ou mal formações. Testes sorológicos estão indicados em situações onde há suspeita clínica, e na triagem pré-natal, quando são extremamente importantes para rastrear a infecção e orientar a gestante. O aumento da sensibilidade das técnicas para detecção de IgM, tornou necessário o desenvolvimento de recursos, como a avidez de IgG, visando obter novo marcador de infecção aguda. Embora exista correlação entre níveis de IgM e grau de avidez de IgG, a maioria dos testes de avidez associa-se a níveis baixos de IgM, sugerindo que o teste de avidez não fosse necessário. Portanto, correlacionamos níveis de IgM de 202 amostras com seu respectivo nível de avidez de IgG, dirigidos contra o Toxoplasma, objetivando estabelecer valores claros para a sua indicação. Pôde-se observar que, para IgM ; 6,0, a definição sorológica pode ser feita independentemente da avidez. Níveis de IgM dentro desse intervalo associam-se a índices variados de avidez e, portanto, ressaltam a importância deste teste para definição sorológica do quadro. Com essa abordagem, foi possível diminuir a indicação do teste de avidez em 75%, reduzir o tempo para liberação dos resultados e o custo unitário do teste para IgM

Impact of multi-functional fermented goat milk beverage on gut microbiotain a dynamic colon model.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of grape probiotic fermented beverages made of goat milk, with or without added grape pomace on gut microbiota in a Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). SHIME® model was used to investigate to assess changes in microbial composition and fermentation metabolites (short- and branched-chain fatty acids and ammonium), as well as under the antioxidant capacity. The results demonstrated that the beverages formulated, with or without grape pomace extract, exhibited high dietary fiber, oleic acid, phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity. Both beverages also kept L.rhamnosus and S. thermophilus viable during their passage through the intestinal tract and had a positive effect on gut microbiota metabolism, increasing the antioxidant capacity and the production of short-chain fatty acids, and decreasing the ammonium concentration. Therefore, the multifunctional beverages formulated in this study can offer a new perspective for the production of foods with positive potential effects on human health