Neutron Scattering Techniques for Studying Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solution.

Neutron scattering combined with ab initio calculations provides a powerful tool for studying metal complexes in different solvents and, particularly, in water. The majority of traditional characterization techniques in catalysis provide only limited information on homogeneous catalytic processes. Neutron scattering, on the other hand, thanks to its sensitivity to hydrogen atoms, and therefore water molecules, can be used to build detailed models of reaction paths and to observe, at a molecular level, the influence of solvent molecules on a catalytic process. In this Mini- Review we describe several examples on how neutron scattering combined with ab initio calculations can be used to examine the nature of the interaction of water molecules with catalytically active metal complexes in solution

Investigación, extensión y transferencia: una alianza estratégica para fomentar la participación pública y la conservación de la biodiversidad del estuario del río Gallegos (Santa Cruz)

Los impactos ambientales que amenazan la viabilidad de los ecosistemas y su biodiversidad requieren de una sociedad comprometida y que sea proactiva en la generación de respuestas y ejecución de prácticas amigables con el entorno. El estado crítico del ambiente en que vivimos exige un compromiso por parte de las instituciones educativas, quienes deben formar, informar y reforzar conceptos que nos permitan encaminarnos hacia comunidades sustentables, conjugando una mejor calidad de vida con la conservación de los recursos naturales. Bajo esta concepción, trabajamos desde el año 2000 en la ciudad de Río Gallegos, (ubicada sobre la margen sur del estuario homónimo) en proyectos de investigación y extensión, teniendo como objetivos: contribuir al conocimiento y valorización ecológica del estuario, brindar herramientas para mejorar su manejo, capacitar actores locales, promover el ecoturismo y fomentar la participación pública. Para ello, se desarrollaron actividades articulando acciones junto a instituciones públicas/privadas, ONG locales e internacionales y alumnos universitarios, como ser programas de capacitación, talleres públicos participativos, disertaciones en el Programa de Educación Ambiental Municipal, charlas en establecimientos educativos y reuniones de trabajo con diferentes estamentos políticos, con el fin de analizar propuestas de ordenamiento y manejo del estuario. Se utilizaron estrategias de la educación ambiental para llegar a diferentes público meta, como la realización de cortos documentales, difusión en medios masivos de comunicación, publicación de folletos, afiches, guía de aves, material didáctico interactivo y página web, buscando afianzar el sentido de pertenencia e identidad con el lugar. Entre algunos criterios de éxito alcanzados a partir de la conjugación de investigación/extensión/transferencia, mencionamos: la creación de dos áreas protegidas (provincial y municipal), reconocimiento del estuario como Sitio de Importancia Internacional por la Red Hemisférica de Reservas para Aves Playeras y Área de importancia para la conservación de Aves, promulgación de una ley de conservación de humedales costeros, creación de la Agencia Ambiental Municipal, apertura de la Reserva Costera Urbana de Río Gallegos con puesto de atención para los visitantes, cartelería y senderos interpretativos y la construcción de un Centro de Interpretación Ambiental (inaugurado en diciembre/2011) entre municipio, universidad y Asociación Ambiente Sur. Este nuevo escenario mejora la oferta turístico-recreativa local, otorgando beneficios tangibles a la comunidad. El trabajo conjunto entre diferentes miembros de la comunidad, universidad y organismos del estado resultó clave para avanzar en la conservación de este ecosistema, basado en la promoción de valores sociales y ambientales.

Structure and spectroscopy of CuH prepared via borohydride reduction

Copper(I) hydride (cuprous hydride, CuH) was the first binary metal hydride to be discovered (in 1844) and is singular in that it is synthesized in solution, at ambient temperature. There are several synthetic paths to CuH, one of which involves reduction of an aqueous solution of CuSO(4)·5H(2)O by borohydride ions. The product from this procedure has not been extensively characterized. Using a combination of diffraction methods (X-ray and neutron) and inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy, we show that the CuH from the borohydride route has the same bulk structure as CuH produced by other routes. Our work shows that the product consists of a core of CuH with a shell of water and that this may be largely replaced by ethanol. This offers the possibility of modifying the properties of CuH produced by aqueous routes

Thymic Epithelium Abnormalities in DiGeorge and Down Syndrome Patients Contribute to Dysregulation in T Cell Development

The thymus plays a fundamental role in establishing and maintaining central and peripheral tolerance and defects in thymic architecture or AIRE expression result in the development of autoreactive lymphocytes. Patients with partial DiGeorge Syndrome (pDGS) and Down Syndrome (DS) present alterations in size and architecture of the thymus and higher risk to develop autoimmunity. We sought to evaluate thymic architecture and thymocyte development in DGS and DS patients and to determine the extent to which thymic defects result in immune dysregulation and T cell homeostasis perturbation in these patients. Thymi from pediatric patients and age-matched controls were obtained to evaluate cortex and medullary compartments, AIRE expression and thymocyte development. In the same patients we also characterized immunophenotype of peripheral T cells. Phenotypic and functional characterization of thymic and peripheral regulatory T (Treg) cells was finally assessed. Histologic analysis revealed peculiar alterations in thymic medulla size and maturation in DGS and DS patients. Perturbed distribution of thymocytes and altered thymic output was also observed. DGS patients showed lower mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequency, associated with reduced proportion and function of Tregs both in thymus and peripheral blood. DS patients showed increased frequency of single positive (SP) thymocytes and thymic Treg cells. However, Tregs isolated both from thymus and peripheral blood of DS patients showed reduced suppressive ability. Our results provide novel insights on thymic defects associated with DGS and DS and their impact on peripheral immune dysregulation. Indeed, thymic abnormalities and defect in thymocyte development, in particular in Treg cell number and function could contribute in the pathogenesis of the immunodysregulation present in pDGS and in DS patients

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Applying neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution to the structure and proton-transport pathways in protic imidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide ionic liquids

Neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution has been applied to examine the potential for complex-ion formation in protic imidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide ionic liquids.</p