Going Beyond Test Scores: The Gender Gap in Italian Children's Mathematical Capability

This paper investigates the relationship between gender, attitudes, and test scores in mathematics. The study argues that measures of children’s capability in mathematics must include some indicators of attitudes toward the subject. These are particularly important when analyzing gender gaps because attitudes toward mathematics differ by gender. To this end, the study first analyzes the gender gap in attitudes and test scores separately using school fixed effects models. Second, it estimates a structural equation model, which takes into account that mathematical capability is a latent construct for which some indicators (test scores and attitudes) are observed. Using data from the Italian National Institute for the Evaluation of Education Systems (INVALSI) for school years 5 and 10 in 2014 and 2015, results confirm that when mathematics capability, including both attitudes and test scores, is measured, the gap between boys and girls changes, and it is therefore relevant to consider both concepts

YAP and TAZ Mediators at the Crossroad between Metabolic and Cellular Reprogramming

Cell reprogramming can either refer to a direct conversion of a specialized cell into another or to a reversal of a somatic cell into an induced pluripotent stem cell. It implies a peculiar modification of the epigenetic asset and gene regulatory networks needed for a new cell, to better fit the new phenotype of the incoming cell type. Cellular reprogramming also implies a metabolic rearrangement, similar to that observed upon tumorigenesis, with a transition from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. The induction of a reprogramming process requires a nexus of signaling pathways, mixing a range of local and systemic information, and accumulating evidence points to the crucial role exerted by the Hippo pathway components Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and Transcriptional Co-activator with PDZ-binding Motif (TAZ). In this review, we will first provide a synopsis of the Hippo pathway and its function during reprogramming and tissue regeneration, then we introduce the latest knowledge on the interplay between YAP/TAZ and metabolism and, finally, we discuss the possible role of YAP/TAZ in the orchestration of the metabolic switch upon cellular reprogramming

Extensive analysis of D-J-C arrangements allows the identification of different mechanisms enhancing the diversity in sheep T cell receptor β-chain repertoire

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In most species of mammals, the <it>TRB </it>locus has the common feature of a library of <it>TRBV </it>genes positioned at the 5'- end of two in tandem aligned D-J-C gene clusters, each composed of a single <it>TRBD </it>gene, 6-7 <it>TRBJ </it>genes and one <it>TRBC </it>gene. An enhancer located at the 3'end of the last <it>TRBC </it>and a well-defined promoter situated at the 5'end of the <it>TRBD </it>gene and/or a undefined promoter situated at the 5'end of the <it>TRBD2 </it>are sufficient to generate the full recombinase accessibility at the locus. In ruminant species, the 3'end of the <it>TRB </it>locus is characterized by the presence of three D-J-C clusters, each constituted by a single <it>TRBD</it>, 5-7 <it>TRBJ </it>and one <it>TRBC </it>genes with the center cluster showing a structure combined with the clusters upstream and downstream, suggesting that a unequal crossover occurred in the duplication. An enhancer downstream the last <it>TRBC</it>, and a promoter at the 5'-end of each <it>TRBD </it>gene are also present.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this paper we focused our attention on the analysis of a large number of sheep TR β-chain transcripts derived from four different lymphoid tissues of three diverse sheep breed animals to certify the use and frequency of the three gene clusters in the β-chain repertoire. As the sheep <it>TRB </it>locus genomic organization is known, the exact interpretation of the V-D-J rearrangements was fully determined. Our results clearly demonstrate that sheep β-chain constitutes a level of variability that is substantially larger than that described in other mammalian species. This is due not only to the increase of the number of D and J genes available to the somatic recombination, but also to the presence of the trans-rearrangement process. Moreover, the functional complexity of β-chain repertoire is resolved by other mechanisms such as alternative cis- and trans-splicing and recombinational diversification that seems to affect the variety of the constant region.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>All together our data demonstrate that a disparate set of molecular mechanisms operate to perform a diversified repertoire in the sheep β-chain and this could confer some special biological properties to the corresponding αβ T cells in the ruminant lineage.</p

Extensive analysis of D-J-C arrangements allows the identification of different mechanisms enhancing the diversity in sheep T cell receptor β-chain repertoire

Abstract Backgroun

The Community Assessment Psychic Experience (CAPE): evaluation study of the Italian version

AbstractNegli ultimi anni il modello categoriale della psicosi e della schizofrenia in particolare, è stato riconsiderato a favore di una visione dimensionale. Questa assume che I sintomi psicotici differiscono in modo quantitativo dalle normali esperienze psichiche distribuendosi lungo un continuum che va dalla popolazione clinica affetta da schizofrenia ad individui con disturbo di personalità, fino alla popolazione generale che può mostrare esperienze simil psicotiche (Hanssen et al., 2003; Johns & Phil, 2005). Tale continuità fenomenologica è suggerita da studi che mostrano che le dimensioni del fenotipo della psicosi subclinica sono molto simili a quelle identificate nei disturbi clinici (Van Os et al. 2000; Van Os & Tamminga, 2007; Rossler et al., 2007). Sono state infatti riportate dimensioni positive e negative sia in ambito clinico che subclinico, mentre più incerta appare la presenza della dimensione disorganizzazione (Vollema & Hoijtink, 2000; van Os et al., 2002). Vari studi hanno riportato che i fenotipi clinico e non clinico condividono fattori di rischio, meccanismi psicologici ed i pattern epidemiologici (Sharpley & Peters,1999; Johns & van Os, 2001; van Os et al., 2001), fornendo un'ulteriore prova che l'espressione clinica e subclinica delle psicosi fanno parte dello stesso continuum

A dual mode breath sampler for the collection of the end-tidal and dead space fractions

This work presents a breath sampler prototype automatically collecting end-tidal (single and multiple breaths) or dead space air fractions (multiple breaths). This result is achieved by real time measurements of the CO2 partial pressure and airflow during the expiratory and inspiratory phases. Suitable algorithms, used to control a solenoid valve, guarantee that a Nalophan® bag is filled with the selected breath fraction even if the subject under test hyperventilates. The breath sampler has low pressure drop (< 0.5 kPa) and uses inert or disposable components to avoid bacteriological risk for the patients and contamination of the breath samples. A fully customisable software interface allows a real time control of the hardware and software status. The performances of the breath sampler were evaluated by comparing a) the CO2 partial pressure calculated during the sampling with the CO2 pressure measured off-line within the Nalophan® bag; b) the concentrations of four selected volatile organic compounds in dead space, end-tidal and mixed breath fractions.Results showed negligible deviations between calculated and off-line CO2 pressure values and the distributions of the selected compounds into dead space, end-tidal and mixed breath fractions were in agreement with their chemical-physical properties