ESPÉCIES VEGETAIS UTILIZADAS NA PRODUÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTOS FITOTERÁPICOS NAS FARMÁCIAS DE MANIPULAÇÃO EM MACAPÁ, AMAPÁ, BRASIL

Brazil has a great diversity of plant species, among which plants with medicinal properties stand out, which are raw materials for the manufacture of herbal medicines and other medicines. The objective this work was to carry out a survey of the main plant species used in handling pharmacies for the production of phytomedicines in Macapá-AP. Visits were made to of establishments and interviews were conducted with the technicians responsible. Six manipulation pharmacies are duly registered with the Amapá Commercial and Industrial Association (ACIA) and the Amapá Regional Pharmacy Council (CRF/AP), in the city of Macapá. Of these, five provided information on the plant species used in the production of phytomedicines. In total, 55 plant species were reported, distributed in 44 botanical families. The families with the most species mentioned were: Leguminosae (eight species), Bignoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Myrtaceae and Solanaceae (two species in each family). Of the plant species mentioned, andiroba and copaíba, they stand out for their great use by the population of the Amazon region as a healing and anti-inflammatory.Keywords: Medicinal plants; Plant part; Andiroba; Copaiba.O Brasil apresenta grande diversidade de espécies vegetais, dentre elas destacam-se as plantas com propriedades medicinais que são matérias-primas para a fabricação de fitoterápicos e outros medicamentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento das principais espécies vegetais utilizadas em farmácias de manipulação para a produção de medicamentos fitoterápicos em Macapá-AP. Foram realizadas visitas nos estabelecimentos e realizadas entrevistas com os técnicos responsáveis. Seis farmácias de manipulação estão devidamente registradas junto a Associação Comercial e Industrial do Amapá (ACIA) e ao Conselho Regional de Farmácia do Amapá (CRF/AP), na cidade de Macapá. Destas, cinco forneceram informações sobre as espécies vegetais utilizadas na produção de medicamentos. No total, foram relatadas 55 espécies vegetais, distribuídas em 44 famílias botânicas. As famílias com mais espécies citadas foram: Leguminosae (oito espécies), Bignoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Myrtaceae e Solanaceae (duas espécies em cada família). Das espécies vegetais citadas, andiroba e copaíba, destacam-se pela grande utilização pela população da região amazônica como cicatrizante e anti-inflamatório.Palavras-chave: Plantas medicinais, Parte vegetal, Andiroba, Copaíba

IMPACT OF THE INVASION FROM NILE TILAPIA ON NATIVES CICHLIDAE SPECIES IN TRIBUTARY OF AMAZONAS RIVER, BRAZIL

Este estudo providenciou a primeira investigação sobre impacto causado pela invasão da Oreochromis niloticus sobre a população de Cichlidae nativos da bacia hidrográfica Igarapé Fortaleza, um tributário do Rio Amazonas no estado do Amapá, no Norte do Brasil. Como uma consequência de escapes e/ou liberações intencionais de O. niloticus de pisciculturas, houve a invasão e estabelecimento dessa espécie de peixe exótico no ecossistema natural, especialmente em área de refugio, alimentação e reprodução das espécies de ciclídeos nativos.  Os fatores que contribuíram para essa invasão e estabelecimento foram aqui discutidos. A invasão de O. niloticus está causando pressão sobre as populações de ciclídeos nativos, os quais encontram-se em baixa densidade populacional, pois 72,7% da biomassa dos ciclídeos (nativos e não nativos) está constituída por O. niloticus. Consequentemente, a CPUE (2,489 kg.h-1) para essa tilápia invasora é muito superior aos valores da CPUE (0,641 kg.h-1) de todas as 16 espécies de ciclídeos nativos juntas. Os resultados indicam uma necessidade de plano de manejo para controle desse peixe invasor, evitando assim a extinção de espécies de ciclídeos nativos. Além disso, serão úteis também para a tomada de decisão crítica de instituições governamentais (estadual e federal) quanto à aprovação da introdução de peixes não nativos na Amazônia ou qualquer outra região do país.Palavras-Chaves: Amazônia, Peixe exótico, Oreochromis niloticus, Crescimento.This study investigated for the first time impact caused by the invasion of Oreochromis niloticus on populations of native Cichlidae species from Igarapé Fortaleza hydrographic basin, a tributary of the Amazonas River in Amapá State, Northern Brazil. As a consequence of escapes and/or intentional releases of O. niloticus from fish farms, there have been the invasion and successful establishment of this exotic fish species in this natural ecosystem, especially in areas of refuge, feeding and reproduction of the native cichlids species. The factors that contributed for this invasion and establishment are discussed here. The invasion of O. niloticus is pressuring the populations of native cichlids which are in a low populational density, as 72.7% of the biomass of cichlids (native and nonnative) is composed of O. niloticus.  Consequently, the value of CPUE (2.489 kg.h-1) for this invasive tilapia is much higher than the value of CPUE (0.641 kg.h-1) for all the 16 species of native cichlids together. The results indicate the need for a management plan designed to control this invasive tilapia and thus avoid the extinction of native species of cichlids. Furthermore, results may also be useful for critical decision making of Brazilian governmental institutions regarding the approval of the introduction of any nonnative fish species in any other region from the country.Keywords: Amazonia; Exotic fish; Oreochromis niloticus; Growth

Bioaccumulation of mercury in predatory fish from Amapá State, Brazil.

Bioaccumulation of Hg in aquatic systems varies considerably according to the food chain structure and age of fish. As fishes are an important food resource in the Amazon region, common species of carnivorous and piscivorous fish in Amapá State were analyzed for contamination by Mercury. Specifically, the influence of standard length and weight of individuals on the observed Hg concentrations was investigated and used to evaluate whether bioaccumulation rates vary among different species. The fishes were collected from five locations in Amapá State between August 2017 and May 2018. We measured the total mercury content in 204 specimens representing nine carnivorous/piscivorous species of fishes: Serrasalmus rhombeus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Megalops atlanticus, Hoplias malabaricus, Cichla monoculus, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii, Boulengerella cuvieri, Ageneiosus inermis and Hoplias aimara. All fishes had some level of Hg contamination and the potential for bioaccumulation of this contaminant varied among species. A positive relationship between weight and/or length and the total body Hg concentration was observed only for Serrasalmus rhombeus, Hoplias malabaricus, Cichla monoculus and Brachyplatystoma vaillantii

Seasonal and pluviometric effects on the phenolic compound composition and antioxidant potential of Licania macrophylla Benth (Chrysobalanaceae), a medicinal plant from the Amazon rainforest

Licania macrophylla is a medicinal plant from the Amazon. It is mainly used in the form of a decoction and has been reported to contain several phenolic compounds. However, the effect of seasonality on the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of this plant has not been well studied, especially in the Amazon region, an area affected by the rainy and less-rainy seasons. Therefore, we evaluated the seasonality of these aromatic compounds and the antioxidant potential of the extracts from L. macrophylla stem bark. We also determined the correlation between the extraction methods used and precipitation levels during each period for 1 year. The total flavonoid and phenolic content, DPPH-scavenging potential, percentage of phosphomolybdenum complex reduction, and iron-reducing power were quantified. The levels of phenolic compounds were the highest in June, whereas those of flavonoids were the highest in September and October; however, these differences were not significant. The extracts from April, November, and June showed the best results for DPPH scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reduction, and iron reduction power, respectively. Significant differences in the phenolic content and DPPH-scavenging activity were observed between the more- and less-rainy seasons. The total phenolic content was positively correlated with FRAP and DPPH, whereas flavonoid levels were negatively correlated