Desenvolvimento de sistemas multiparticulados para o tratamento da Doença de Chagas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2014.Orientação: Marcílio Sérgio Soares da Cunha Filho ; Coorientação: Eliana Martins Lima Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2014 Inclui bibliografia Notas de Resumo A doença de Chagas, considerada uma doença negligenciada, apresenta-se como um importante problema de saúde pública, afetando aproximadamente 8 milhões de pessoas, em 21 diferentes países do mundo. Apesar de sua importância, a doença de Chagas não possui um tratamento medicamentoso eficaz, especialmente na sua fase crônica. Uma das alternativas mais promissoras para o tratamento dos pacientes chagásicos pode estar na quimioterapia combinada, com destaque para o efeito sinérgico encontrado entre benznidazol (BNZ) e outros derivados azólicos, como itraconazol (ITZ). Neste contexto, a utilização de sistemas multiparticulados, como péletes, fornece uma grande flexibilidade na combinação de diferentes dosagens dos fármacos e constituem sistemas muito adequados para a modificação de sua liberação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de péletes de BNZ e ITZ por extrusão-esferonização para o tratamento da doença de Chagas em terapia dose fixa combinada. Os estudos de compatibilidade realizados utilizando análise térmica e outros ensaios auxiliares evidenciaram a compatibilidade de ITZ com os excipientes MgST, ciclodextrinas, MCC e NaCrosc, enquanto que o BNZ mostrou-se compatível com os materiais CMC, NaCrosc, NaGlico e PEG. Em contrapartida, as associações de ITZ com PVP e HPMC são incompatíveis e potencialmente instáveis. Os estudos de compatibilidade conduzidos entre os fármacos BNZ e ITZ mostraram forte interação física com repercussões na estabilidade química desses compostos. Esse resultado condicionou o processamento farmacêutico utilizado na sequencia do estudo, optando-se por elaborar péletes de cada um dos fármacos separadamente. Os péletes de BNZ e ITZ foram elaborados utilizando os fármacos na forma de micropartículas, de forma a otimizar a sua dissolução. Os péletes de microcristais de BNZ apresentaram características físico-químicas apropriadas, formato cilíndrico, excelentes propriedades de fluxo e rápida desintegração e dissolução. O uso de NaCrosc e PEG demonstrou um bom desempenho em promover uma rápida desintegração desses péletes. Os péletes elaborados com microcristais de ITZ mostraram igualmente características físico-químicas e farmacopeicas adequadas, apresentando desintegração praticamente instantânea, devido ao elevado percentual de NaCrosc na formulação. Dessa forma, o estudo conduzido obteve êxito em desenvolver sistemas multiparticulados de BNZ e ITZ que podem ser facilmente combinados em diferentes proporções, possibilitando estudos futuros em terapia dose fixa combinada para o tratamento da doença de Chagas.Chagas’ disease, considered as neglected disease, appears to be an important health problem, affecting approximately 8 million of persons in 21 different countries in the world. Despite the importance, Chaga’s disease does not have an effective pharmaceutical treatment for chronic phase. One of the most promising treatment alternatives for chagasic patients can be related to the combined chemotherapy, specially highlighted by the synergic effect achieved of benznidazole (BNZ) and other Azole derivate coumpound, as itraconazole (ITZ). In this context, the use of multiparticulate systems, like pellets, provides much more flexibility for different drug dosage combinations and creates most adequate systems with modified release profiles. This study had the objective of design of pellets compound of BNZ and ITZ, produced by extrusion-spheronisation process for Chagas’ disease with combined fix therapy. The compatibities studies utilizing thermo analysis and other auxiliary tests showed compatibility between ITZ and other excipients, as MgSt, cyclodextrins, MCC, NaCrosc, meanwhile BNZ showed to be compatible with MCC, NaCrosc, NaGlico and PEG. On other hand, the associations of ITZ with PVP and HPMC are incompatible and potentially instable. The compatibility assays showed high physical interaction between BNZ and ITZ and may reverberate over the chemical stability of these compounds. This evidence delimitated the pharmaceutical processing over the study sequence, making the choice of the pellet formulation of each one drug in separate. The BNZ and ITZ pellets were formulated in micro particulate forms to optimize the dissolution profiles. The BNZ microcrystal pellets showed appropriated physical-chemical characteristics, cylindrical shapes, excellent flow properties and fast disintegrations and dissolution profiles. The addiction of NaCrosc and PEG in pellets showed excellent performance promoting fast disintegration. As well, The ITZ microcrystal pellets showed adequate physical-chemical and pharmacopeia characteristics, exhibiting practically instantaneous disintegration due elevated percentage of NaCrosc in the formulation. In this manner, the present study succeeded in developing multiparticulate systems of BNZ an ITZ, which can be easily combined in different proportions, allowing further studies in combined fix dosage therapy for Chagas’ disease treatment

Compatibility and stability studies involving polymers used in fused deposition modeling 3D printing of medicines

One of the challenges for developing three-dimensional printed medicines is related to their stability due to the manufacturing conditions involving high temperatures. This work proposed a new protocol for preformulation studies simulating thermal processing and aging of the printed medicines, tested regarding their morphology and thermal, crystallographic, and spectroscopic profiles. Generally, despite the strong drug-polymer interactions observed, the chemical stability of the model drugs was preserved under such conditions. In fact, in the metoprolol and Soluplus® composition, the drug's solubilization in the polymer produced a delay in the drug decomposition, suggesting a protective effect of the matrix. Paracetamol and polyvinyl alcohol mixture, in turn, showed unmistakable signs of thermal instability and chemical decomposition, in addition to physical changes. In the presented context, establishing protocols that simulate processing and storage conditions may be decisive for obtaining stable pharmaceutical dosage forms using three-dimensional printing technology

Predictive models of FDM 3D printing using experimental design based on pharmaceutical requirements for tablet production

The present study aimed to analyze how the printing process affects the final state of a printed pharmaceutical product and to establish prediction models for post-printing characteristics according to basic printing settings. To do this, a database was constructed through analysis of products elaborated with a distinct printing framework. The polymers acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) were tested in a statistically-based experiment to define the most critical printing factors for mass, mass variation, printing time, and porosity. Then, a predictive model equation was established and challenged to determine two different medical prescriptions. The factors of size scale, printlet format, and print temperature influenced printlet mass, while the printing time was impacted by size scale, printing speed, and layer height. Finally, increased printing speed leads to more porous printlets. The prescript-printed tablets showed average mass, mass variations, and porosity close to theoretical values for all filaments, which supports the adequacy of the optimized design of experiments for tablet production. Hence, printing settings can be preselected according to the desired product’s characteristics, resulting in tablets produced with higher precision than usually achieved by compounding pharmacies