Implementasi Program Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rakyat Melalui Program Mamangun Tuntang Mahaga Lewu (Pm2l) (Studi Kasus Di Dua Desa Tertinggal Di Kalimantan Tengah)

This study aims to determine the implementation of the program of economic empowerment of the people through the program mamangun Tuntang mahaga Lewu (PM2L). Writing method used is qualitative. This method was chosen because it examines the phenomenon of something in more depth, and more able to understand the phenomenon that until now has not been known. Through this study were obtained in the implementation of key information that PM2L are several stages to go through the stage of coordination, socialization, implementation of the action, coaching, monitoring and evaluation. In general, the stages through which it has not been optimal program implementation in practice, especially in terms of stages of development

The effect of light stimulation during the subjective day on plasma corticosterone and gene expression in the adrenal.

<p>CT  =  circadian time 30 min light pulse was started; lux  =  light intensity in lux; CORT  =  plasma corticosterone; <i>Per1</i>  =  <i>Period1</i> mRNA expression; <i>Per2</i>  =  <i>Period 2</i> mRNA expression; <i>TH</i>  =  <i>tyrosine hydroxylase</i> mRNA expression; <i>PNMT</i>  =  <i>phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase</i> mRNA expression; +  =  significant increase vs 0 lux; -  =  not significantly different vs 0 lux dark control; nd  =  not determined.</p

The effect of light on SCN and adrenal gene expression and plasma hormone levels.

<p>A: Relative density of <i>Per1</i>, <i>Per2</i> and <i>c-fos</i> expression in the SCN following a light pulse (LP; 30 min at 350 lux) beginning at the indicated circadian time (CT) points compared to dark control (DC) mice. B: Relative expression of <i>Per1</i> and <i>Per2</i> in the adrenal following a LP compared to DC animals at several CT points throughout the subjective day and subjective night. C: Plasma levels of corticosterone (left) and ACTH (right) following a LP at the indicated CT points. The differences between DC and LP values at each CT point are indicated by asterisks; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001); n = 4–12 animals/group/CT point.</p

Effect of light on plasma ACTH and adrenal <i>StAR</i> and <i>MC2R</i> during the subjective day.

<p>A: The effect of a 30 min light pulse during the subjective day on plasma ACTH. B: Relative mRNA expression of <i>StAR</i> in the adrenal following a 30 min light pulse. C: Relative mRNA expression of <i>MC2R</i> in the adrenal following a 30 min light pulse. Samples were collected 60 min after the beginning of the light pulse of either 35, 350 or 3500 lux during the subjective day at circadian time (CT) 2, CT4, and CT6. No significant differences were observed in plasma ACTH, adrenal <i>StAR</i> mRNA, or adrenal <i>MC2R</i> mRNA expression between light-pulsed and dark control (0 lux) animals at any of the CT points examined; One-Way ANOVA, n = 4–9 animals/group.</p

Circadian profiles of adrenal <i>TH</i> and <i>PNMT</i> and following light stimulation during the subjective day.

<p>A: Relative expression of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (<i>TH</i>) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (<i>PNMT</i>) at several circadian time (CT) points. B: Relative expression of adrenal <i>TH</i> and PNMT following a 30 min light-pulse. Samples were collected 60 min after the beginning of the light pulse of either 35, 350 or 3500 lux during the subjective day at circadian time (CT) 2, CT4, and CT6. Significant differences compared to dark controls (0 lux) are indicated by asterisks (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001), to 35 lux light pulses by plus signs (++p<0.01, +++p<0.001) and to 350 lux light pulses by dots (·p<0.05, ···p<0.001); One-Way ANOVA; n = 4–11 animals/group.</p

Influence of miR-132/212 deletion on the period length in constant light.

<p>(A-D) Representative double-plotted actograms of WT (A, B) and <i>miR-132</i>^<i>-/-</i><i>/212</i>^<i>-/-</i> (C, D) mice in constant light conditions. (E, F) Total activity profiles of WT and KO mice in 129/Sv (E) and C57BL/6N backgrounds (F). (G, H) Period length (G) and total activity (H) in constant light of 100 lx for all genotypes. Period length: 129/Sv: WT: 25.47 ± 0.22 h, n = 6; KO: 25.49 ± 0.08 h, n = 7; C57BL/6N: WT: 24.71 ± 0.08 h, n = 10; KO: 25.08 ± 0.08 h, p = 0.0143, n = 11, two-way ANOVA for interaction: F(1, 29) = 4.341, p = 0.0461, Sidak’s post-hoc test for background differences: p < 0.001, Sidak’s post-hoc test for genotype differences 129/Sv: p > 0.05, C57BL/6N: p < 0.05. Total activity: 129/Sv: WT: 2,636 ± 190 counts, n = 5; KO: 3,016 ± 576 counts, n = 6; C57BL/6N: WT: 2,895 ± 499 counts, n = 10; KO: 2,352 ± 319, n = 10,; two-way ANOVA for interaction F(1, 27) = 0.9622, p = 0.3353, two-way ANOVA for background F(1, 27) = 0.185, p = 0.6705, two-way ANOVA for genotype F(1, 27) = 0.02991, p = 0.8640. Data are represented as mean ± SEM., * p < 0.05.</p

Light induced Per gene expression.

<p>Light induced <i>Per1</i> (A, B) and <i>Per</i> 2 expression (C, D) in the SCN of individual WT (A, C) and KO (B, D) mice in 129/Sv and C57Bl/6N backgrounds after a light pulse (100 lx, 1 h) at CT15 as shown by <i>in situ</i> hybridization. (E-H) Quantification of <i>Per1</i> (E, F) and <i>Per2</i> (G, H) mRNA levels in the SCN of WT or KO mice measured by radio-labelled ISH. <i>Per1</i>: 129/Sv: -LP: 25.2 +/- 7; +LP: 83.8 +/- 6.6; KO: -LP: 25.8 +/- 6.6; +LP: 25.8 +/- 2.0; C57BL/6N: -LP: 8.2 +/- 1.1; +LP: 77.5 +/- 9.4; KO: -LP: 9.8 +/- 1.5; +LP: 73.5 +/- 4.8, <i>Per2</i>: 129/Sv: -LP: 16.7 +/- 3.7; +LP: 85.8 +/- 7.6; KO: -LP: 17.1 +/- 2.1; +LP: 35.5 +/- 11.3; C57BL/6N: -LP: 8.9 +/- 1.3; +LP: 76.0 +/- 11.3; KO: -LP: 10.9 +/- 1.7; +LP: 80.2 +/- 5.3; n = 4. 129/Sv: -LP <i>vs</i>. +LP, two-way ANOV for interaction <i>Per1</i>: F(1. 12) = 10.48, p = 0.0071, Sidak’s post-hoc test for light conditions: WT: p < 0.001; KO: p > 0.05, Sidak’s post-hoc test for genotype: -LP: p > 0.05, +LP: p < 0.01; <i>Per2</i>: F(1. 12) = 12.62, p = 0.004, Sidak’s post-hoc test for light conditions: WT: p < 0.001; KO: p > 0.05, Sidak’s post-hoc test for genotype: -LP: p > 0.05, +LP: p < 0.01. C57BL/6N: -LP <i>vs</i>. +LP, two-way ANOVA for interaction <i>Per1</i>: F(1.11) = 0.4042, p = 0.5379; two-way ANOVA for light conditions F(1. 11) = 209.6, p < 0.0001; <i>Per2</i>: two-way ANOVA for interaction F(1.12) = 0.0327, p = 0.8595; two-way ANOVA for light conditions F(1. 12) = 116.4, p < 0.0001. Data are represented as mean ± SEM, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.</p

Influence of miR-132/212 deletion on behavioral phase shifts after single light pulses.

<p>(A-D) Representative actograms of WT (A, B) and KO (C, D) mice in constant darkness showing a brief (15-min) light pulse at CT15 of 20 lx which is marked by white stars and separates the free-running phase in two darkness periods (pre and post shift). (E) Magnitudes of phase shifts. 129/Sv: WT: -57.14 ± 4.5 min, n = 8; KO: -114 ± 15.4 min, n = 9; C57BL/6N: WT: -95 ± 12.1 min counts, n = 11; KO: -93.8 ± 8.4 min, n = 10,; two-way ANOVA for interaction F(1, 34) = 6.530, p = 0.0152, Sidak’s post-hoc test for genotype 129/Sv: p < 0.01, C57BL/6N: p > 0.05. Data are represented as mean ± SEM., ** p < 0.01.</p

Influence of miR-132/212 deletion on the period length in constant darkness.

<p>(A-D) Representative double-plotted actograms of WT (A, B) and KO (C, D) mice in LD and DD. (E-H) Total activity profiles of WT and KO mice during LD (E, F) and DD (G, H) conditions in 129/Sv (E, G) and C57BL/6N backgrounds (F, H). (I, J) Period length (I) and total activity (J) in constant darkness for all genotypes. Period length: 129/Sv: WT: 23.57 ± 0.08 h, n = 15; KO: 23.96 ± 0.05 h, n = 15; C57BL/6N: WT: 23.32 ± 0.07 h, n = 12; KO: 23.39 ± 0.05, n = 11, two-way ANOVA for interaction F(1, 49) = 5.390, p = 0.0244, Sidak’s post-hoc test for background difference: WT: p > 0.05; KO, p < 0.001, Sidak’s post-hoc test for genotype difference 129/Sv: p < 0.001, C57BL/6N: p > 0.05. Total activity: 129/Sv: WT: 5904 ± 1104 counts, n = 7; KO: 3,921 ± 1,003 counts, n = 8; C57BL/6N: WT: 1,729 ± 376 counts, n = 8; KO: 1679 ± 408, n = 6, two-way ANOVA for genotype F(1, 31) = 1.358, p = 0.2527, two-way ANOVA for background F(1, 31) = 51.34, p < 0.001. Data are represented as mean ± SEM., * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.</p

Additional file 2: of Enhancing circadian clock function in cancer cells inhibits tumor growth

Supplementary methods. (PDF 184 kb