Grazing preference of dairy cows and pasture productivity for different cultivars of perennial ryegrass under contrasting managements

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pasture performance of different cultivars of perennial ryegrass, two “high sugar” and two standard cultivars, under two contrasting agronomic managements (aimed at either decreasing or increasing water soluble carbohydrates concentration), and their effects on the grazing preference of dairy cows. Eight treatments arising from the factorial combination of four cultivars and two managements were randomly applied to 31-m2 plots in three blocks. Pasture dry matter production and growth rate were measured for one year. Three grazing assessments were performed to establish the grazing preferences of six dairy cows in spring, summer and autumn. High sugar cultivars produced less dry matter per hectare than the standard cultivars. Cows consumed more grass and harvested a greater proportion of the pasture under the agronomic management aimed at decreasing sugar concentration, i.e., with a greater nitrogen fertilisation rate and under a more frequent defoliation regime, which could be explained by the greater crude protein concentration achieved under this management. The results suggest that the selection for greater levels of sugars was at the expense of herbage yield, and that cows preferred to graze herbage with a greater crude protein level instead of a greater sugar concentration

Does the “high sugar” trait of perennial ryegrass cultivars express under temperate climate conditions?

The objective was to evaluate water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP) concentration of perennial ryegrass (PRG) cultivars with different genetic potential for producing WSC under two contrasting agronomic managements in temperate climate (southern Chile). A 4 × 2 factorial design was randomly allocated to 24 plots (31 m2 each, three blocks): four PRG cultivars (diploid standard cultivar, “2nSt”; tetraploid standard cultivar, “4nSt”; diploid high sugar cultivar developed in New Zealand, “2nHSNZ”; and tetraploid high sugar cultivar developed in Europe, “4nHSEU”) and two agronomic managements (“favourable,” defoliations at three leaves per tiller and nitrogen (N) fertilization rate of 83.3 kg N ha−1 year−1; “unfavourable,” defoliations at two leaves per tiller and N fertilization rate of 250 kg N ha−1 year−1). Herbage samples were collected in early spring, spring, summer and autumn. Concentration of WSC did not differ among cultivars in spring and summer, averaging 194 and 251 g/kg DM respectively. The cultivar 4nHSEU had the greatest WSC concentration in early spring and autumn (187 and 266 g/kg DM respectively) and the greatest CP concentration across samplings (average 230 g/kg DM). Favourable management improved WSC concentrations in early spring and summer and decreased CP in spring, summer and autumn. Annual DM yield did not vary with cultivar or management, averaging 8.43 t/ha. Within a 12-month study at one site in a temperate environment in southern Chile, PRG cultivars have not shown a consistent expression of the “high sugar” trait, where a genetic × environment interaction might be operating

Entwicklung einer aktiven Schwingungslagerung zur Reduzierung der Schallemission von Windkraftanlagen - Laboruntersuchungen Abschlussbericht

To reduce acoustic emissions, transfer of structure-borne noise from the gearing to the tower must be minimized. A new type of bearing was developed and tested.Zielsetzung und Anlass des Vorhabens: Bei einer Windkraftanlage entstehen im Betrieb eine Reihe von Geraeuschen. Die wesentlichen Schallquellen sind dabei die Rotorblaetter und der Triebstrang. Entsprechend sind dabei ein breitbandiges Rauschen, einige Einzeltoene und eventuell periodische Ereignisse zu hoeren, die eine erhebliche Umwelt- und Gesundheitsbelastung zur Folge haben. Infolge der durch akustische Optimierung der Rotorblaetter und geringere Blattspitzengeschwindigkeiten verringerten Abstrahlung von Stroemungsgeraeuschen, die bisher den Hauptteil der Schalleistung darstellten, treten die koerperschallerregten Maschinengeraeusche immer staerker in den Vordergrund. Die Maschinengeraeusche werden in Form von Koerperschall ueber die Lagerelemente weitergeleitet und fuehren auf der extrem grossen Flaeche des Turms zu starker Schallabstrahlung. Zur Reduktion der Schallemission ist es daher erstrebenswert, die Koerperschalluebertragung vom Getriebe auf den Turm auf ein Minimum zu reduzieren. Daher bestand die Zielsetzung, die Entwicklung einer neuartigen schwingungsisolierenden Lagerung, die die Koerperschalluebertragung vom Getriebe auf den Mast verhindert, vorzunehmen und deren Wirksamkeit an einem Laboraufbau zu untersuchen und zu qualifizieren. Darstellung der Arbeitsschritte und der angewandten Methoden: Entsprechend dem Ziel eine Entwicklung einer aktiven schwingungsisolierenden Lagerung vorzunehmen, wurden zunaechst die Eckdaten und das Anforderungsprofil fuer die Lagerung mittels einer Koerper- und Luftschallmessung an einer Windkraftanlage gewonnen und formuliert. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde ein Loesungskonzept fuer eine aktive koerperschallisolierende Lagerung entwickelt, konstruktiv ausgestaltet, und umgesetzt. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F01B1016 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDeutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Osnabrueck (Germany)DEGerman

Heterobimetallic compounds [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)X] (X = Cl, Br, I and N(3)): synthesis, electrochemical analysis, and the crystal structure of [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)I] [dppf=1,1`-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]

A series of new ruthenium-iron based derivatives [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)Cl] (1), [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)Br] (2), [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)I] (3) and [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(dppf)N(3)] (4) were obtained by reactions of [Ru(eta(5)-Cp)(PPh(3))(2)Cl] with 1,1`-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (dppf) and characterized by IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (31)P), (57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Additionally, the compound (3) was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, and the results were as follows: orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 18.2458(10), b = 20.9192(11), c = 34.4138(19) a""<<, alpha = beta = gamma = 90A degrees, V = 13135.3(12) a""<<(3) and Z = 16.CNPqConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPESFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)FAPEMI

Does the 'high sugar' trait of perennial ryegrass cultivars express under temperate climate conditions?

The objective was to evaluate water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP) concentration of perennial ryegrass (PRG) cultivars with different genetic potential for producing WSC under two contrasting agronomic managements in temperate climate (southern Chile). A 4 x 2 factorial design was randomly allocated to 24 plots (31 m(2) each, three blocks): four PRG cultivars (diploid standard cultivar, '2nSt'; tetraploid standard cultivar, '4nSt'; diploid high sugar cultivar developed in New Zealand, '2nHSNZ'; and tetraploid high sugar cultivar developed in Europe, '4nHSEU') and two agronomic managements ('favourable,' defoliations at three leaves per tiller and nitrogen (N) fertilization rate of 83.3 kg N ha(-1 )year(-1); 'unfavourable,' defoliations at two leaves per tiller and N fertilization rate of 250 kg N ha(-1 )year(-1)). Herbage samples were collected in early spring, spring, summer and autumn. Concentration of WSC did not differ among cultivars in spring and summer, averaging 194 and 251 g/kg DM, respectively. The cultivar 4nHSEU had the greatest WSC concentration in early spring and autumn (187 and 266 g/kg DM, respectively) and the greatest CP concentration across samplings (average 230 g/kg DM). Favourable management improved WSC concentrations in early spring and summer and decreased CP in spring, summer and autumn. Annual DM yield did not vary with cultivar or management, averaging 8.43 t/ha. Within a 12-month study at one site in a temperate environment in southern Chile, PRG cultivars have not shown a consistent expression of the 'high sugar' trait, where a genetic x environment interaction might be operating

Determinação das composições físico-químicas de cachaças do sul de minas gerais e de suas misturas Determination of the physical-chemical composition of homemade cachaças produced in the South of Minas Gerais and their mixtures

Este trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da composição físico-química de cachaças artesanais produzidas no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais e suas misturas. Foram analisados os teores de etanol, acidez volátil, aldeídos, cobre, ésteres, álcoois superiores totais e metanol, além dos álcoois propanol-1, isobutanol e 3-metil-butanol-1. Os resultados apresentam o perfil peculiar desta bebida, que apresentou teores satisfatórios de álcoois superiores, ésteres e aldeídos. O teor de cobre apresenta-se como preocupante já que algumas amostras excederam o limite de 5 mg.L-1. A produção de misturas foi estudada e esta apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável ao produtor e cooperativas.<br>The present study sought the physical-chemical composition of homemade cachaças produced in the south of the state Minas Gerais and of mixtures of the same cachaça samples. The ethanol, aldehyde, copper, higher alcohol, volatile acid and methanol concentrations were determined, in addition to the individual propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol concentrations. The results demonstrated the characteristic profile of this beverage, which presented satisfactory concentrations of higher alcohols, esters, and aldehydes. The copper concentrations of some samples exceeded the limit of 5 mg. L-1. The mixtures produced from some of the cachaça samples presented a viable alternative for the producers and cooperatives because the concentrations of the components were more adequate for exportation