Molecular mechanisms of vascular tissue patterning in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> L. roots

A vascular system in plants is a product of aromorphosis that enabled them to colonize land because it delivers water, mineral and organic compounds to plant organs and provides effective communications between organs and mechanical support. Vascular system development is a common object of fundamental research in plant development biology. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, early stages of vascular tissue formation in the root are a bright example of the self-organization of a bisymmetric (having two planes of symmetry) pattern of hormone distribution, which determines vascular cell fates. In the root, vascular tissue development comprises four stages: (1) specification of progenitor cells for the provascular meristem in early embryonic stages, (2) the growth and patterning of the embryo provascular meristem, (3) postembryonic maintenance of the cell identity in the vascular tissue initials within the root apical meristem, and (4) differentiation of their descendants. Although the anatomical details of A. thaliana root vasculature development have long been known and described in detail, our knowledge of the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms remains limited. In recent years, several important advances have been made, shedding light on the regulation of the earliest events in provascular cells specification. In this review, we summarize the latest data on the molecular and genetic mechanisms of vascular tissue patterning in A. thaliana root. The first part of the review describes the root vasculature ontogeny, and the second reconstructs the sequence of regulatory events that underlie this histogenesis and determine the development of the progenitors of the vascular initials in the embryo and organization of vascular initials in the seedling root

Evaluation morphological changes in temporo-mandibular joints with experimental animals in the process of modeling fibrous ankylosis and the impact of transkranial electric stimulation on them

The results of morphological changes in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with 30 experimental animals in the process of modeling fibrous ankylosis are given in the article. The analysis of the results obtained has shown the positive impact of transkranial electric stimulation (TES-therapy) which reduced the destructive processes in bone tissue of mandibular head and mandibular fossa thus accelerating the process of their restructuring and the promotion of osteogenesis process compared to the fabrics of TMJ with experimental animals to whom the TES-therapy has not been applied

Аутоиммунные ревматические заболевания: принципы диагностики и лечения

ПОСОБИЯАУТОИММУННЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИИММУННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РАССТРОЙСТВАРЕВМАТИЧЕСКИЕ БОЛЕЗНИ /ИММУНОЛОГИЯAUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASESИНОСТРАННЫЕ СТУДЕНТЫАСПИРАНТЫМАГИСТРАНТЫКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ОРДИНАТОРЫИНТЕРНЫВРАЧИВ пособии представлены современные классификационные критерии аутоиммунных ревматических заболеваний, рассмотрены вопросы диагностики и дифференциальной диагностики, основанные на анализе клинических данных, результатов лабораторных и инструментальных исследований, приводятся современные общепризнанные схемы лечения аутоиммунных ревматических заболеваний. Издание предназначено для студентов медицинских вузов, магистрантов, аспирантов, клинических ординаторов, врачей-интернов, а также для врачей-ревматологов, врачей-терапевтов

РАННИЙ РЕЦИДИВ МИНИМАЛЬНОГО РАКА ЭНДОМЕТРИЯ (КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ)

Endometrial cancer is the 6-th most common malignancy in women worldwide, accounting for about 4.8 % of all female cancers. The treatment of recurrent endometrial cancer remains a major challenge. Some endometrial cancer recurrences, for example vaginal stump recurrence, are reported to be effectively treated with surgical resection and radiation therapy. Early recurrence of early-stage well-differentiated endometrial cancer is uncommon. Case report. Herein we report a rare case of recurrent well-differentiated endometrial cancer in a 65-year-old woman. The patient had recurrence 10 months after laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Recurrent endometrial tumor with extension into the rectosigmoid colon, urinary bladder and the right ureter manifested itself clinically with severe pain requiring the use of opioids. The recurrent tumor was removed. Resection of the bladder, left ureter and upper ampular rectum was followed by anastomosis. The patient received multiple cycles of chemotherapy. Conclusion. Compliance with the principles of ablastics during the laparoscopic or laparotomic surgery helps to avoid recurrence in patients with prognostically favorable cancer. In case of recurrence, combined operations are the only possible chance of improving survival of patients with locally advanced or recurrent tumors, which are insensitive to chemoradiotherapy.Актуальность. Рак эндометрия занимает шестое ранговое место среди злокачественных новообразований у женского населения в мире, и его доля составляет 4,8 %. Одним из нерешенных вопросов при лечении данной патологии является лечение рецидивов рака эндометрия. Некоторые рецидивы, например в культе влагалища, в ведущих онкологических клиниках успешно лечат с помощью хирургического вмешательства, лучевой терапии или комбинированным методом. К редким случаям можно отнести ранние рецидивы при высокодифференцированном минимальном раке эндометрия, особенно требующие симультанных операций. Описание клинического случая. Представлен редкий случай рецидива минимального рака эндометрия у пациентки 65 лет, возникшего через 10 мес после экстирпации матки с придатками, выполненный лапароскопическим доступом. Рецидивная опухоль эндометрия с прорастанием в ректосигмоидный отдел толстой кишки, стенку мочевого пузыря и правого мочеточника клинически проявляла себя сильными болями, требовавшими назначения наркотических анальгетиков. Больной была выполнена комбинированная операция в объеме удаления рецидивной опухоли, резекции мочевого пузыря и левого мочеточника, верхнеампулярного отдела прямой кишки с формированием анастомозов и проведена последующая многокурсовая химиотерапия. Заключение. Соблюдение принципов абластики во время хирургического вмешательства лапароскопическим либо лапаротомным доступом помогает избежать рецидивов при прогностически благоприятных формах рака. При рецидиве опухолей, мало чувствительных к химиолучевому лечению, комбинированные операции являются единственным возможным шансом на улучшение состояния, а иногда и полное выздоровление

Treatment of children with chemical burns of esophagus with various etiology

Background. At present continuous growth of pathology after chemical burns of the esophagus (CBE) in children is observed. The lack of uniform statistical information about this pathology in domestic and foreign literature considerably complicates studying of that nosology. The purpose of the present study is optimization of treatment techniques in children with chemical burns of the esophagus with various etiology and generalization of our own experience of treatment in this contingent of patients.Material and methods. We have analyzed treatment techniques in 147 children with CBE with various etiology and severity for last decade. The general method of diagnosis was esophagogastroscopy performed within the first day of hospitalization. Endoscopic examination showed following stages of CBE: I stage in 36 patients, II stage in 67 cases and 44 patients had III stage.Results. In children with I stage CBE erosive inflammatory process was controlled by conservative therapy in 10–14 days. This cohort of patients from 3–4 day of disease was considered outpatient. Patients with II stage CBE erosive inflammatory changes were treated by complex therapy on 21–23 day. There were surgical complications observed.    Patients with III stage CBE referred in most severe condition. Length of conservative treatment for erosive  inflammatory process was 1 month. In this group of patients we observed complications in 24 cases (16.3%) and bougienage was performed according to different techniques. Duration of bougienage varied from 3 to 24 months. Later on all children were observed out-patiently according to the place of residence.Conclusions. Performed therapy should be complex and differentiated regarding the severity of trauma. Complex treatment technique designed in our hospital is quite efficient and could be recommended for clinical application. All children suffered from CBE are to be followed up refularly. Preventive medical check-up should include endoscopic examination, once every three months to avoid possible esophageal stenosis development. Preventive treatment for esophagitis is mandatory during the period of preventive medical check-up

SPECIFIC FEATURE OF HORMONAL PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY AND RECURRENT BREAST CANCER AND THEIR ROLE IN THE EFFICIENCY OF CHEMOTHERAPY

The hormonal background was studied in 32 menopausal patients who had primary breast cancer (Stage III) or its recurrence in the postoperative scar. The patients with the primary process, unlike those with a recurrence, were found to have increased adrenocortical cortisol-forming activity and changed thyroid homeostasis. In both types of the neoplastic process, the blood concentrations of estradi- ol, testosterone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones were disturbed in a substantial number of cases; the distinc- tive feature of the primary process and its recurrence lies in the opposite direction. An association of individual differences in the con- centrations of estradiol and testosterone with the efficiency of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was analyzed in patients with recurrent can- cer

The history of degenerate (bipartite) extremal graph problems

This paper is a survey on Extremal Graph Theory, primarily focusing on the case when one of the excluded graphs is bipartite. On one hand we give an introduction to this field and also describe many important results, methods, problems, and constructions.Comment: 97 pages, 11 figures, many problems. This is the preliminary version of our survey presented in Erdos 100. In this version 2 only a citation was complete

Molecular crowding defines a common origin for the Warburg effect in proliferating cells and the lactate threshold in muscle physiology

Aerobic glycolysis is a seemingly wasteful mode of ATP production that is seen both in rapidly proliferating mammalian cells and highly active contracting muscles, but whether there is a common origin for its presence in these widely different systems is unknown. To study this issue, here we develop a model of human central metabolism that incorporates a solvent capacity constraint of metabolic enzymes and mitochondria, accounting for their occupied volume densities, while assuming glucose and/or fatty acid utilization. The model demonstrates that activation of aerobic glycolysis is favored above a threshold metabolic rate in both rapidly proliferating cells and heavily contracting muscles, because it provides higher ATP yield per volume density than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In the case of muscle physiology, the model also predicts that before the lactate switch, fatty acid oxidation increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases to zero with concomitant increase in glucose utilization, in agreement with the empirical evidence. These results are further corroborated by a larger scale model, including biosynthesis of major cell biomass components. The larger scale model also predicts that in proliferating cells the lactate switch is accompanied by activation of glutaminolysis, another distinctive feature of the Warburg effect. In conclusion, intracellular molecular crowding is a fundamental constraint for cell metabolism in both rapidly proliferating- and non-proliferating cells with high metabolic demand. Addition of this constraint to metabolic flux balance models can explain several observations of mammalian cell metabolism under steady state conditions

Синтез новых фотоотверждаемых фосфорсодержащих олигоэфирметакрилатов со спейсером в структуре

Objectives. To synthesize phosphorus-containing oligoestermethacrylates spatially separated by spacers of aliphatic or aromatic structure and evaluate their effect on photocuring kinetics.Methods. For determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of the synthesized compounds, the following methods were used: thin layer chromatography; chromatographic and mass spectrometry; infrared spectroscopy; 1H, 13C, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; differential scanning calorimetry. The dielectric loss tangent was determined on a specially designed optical cell with an ultraviolet (UV) light source to an immittance meter. Elemental analysis was performed on an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.Results. Spatially separated oligoestermethacrylates based on phosphorus trichloride containing aliphatic or aromatic spacers in the structure were synthesized. During the interaction of glycidyl methacrylate with phosphorus trichloride in the mass of the latter, reaction products were shown to be formed both according to the Krasusky rule from the side of the α-carbon atom, as well as against this rule with the formation of isomeric products. Obtaining these compounds in bulk is possible only in the presence of a homopolymerization inhibitor. The influence of the spacer structure on the curing rate of oligoestermethacrylates under the action of UV radiation has been established. It has been shown that the introduction of a spacer into the oligomer structure is accompanied by an increase in the induction period by a factor of 39 compared to a sample without a spacer.Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the possibility of obtaining new oligoestermethacrylates with aliphatic and aromatic spacers in the structure. The influence of the structure of the spacer on the kinetics of photocuring is determined.Цели. Синтез фосфорсодержащих олигоэфирметакрилатов, пространственно-разделенных спейсерами алифатического или ароматического строения, и оценка их влияния на кинетику фотоотверждения.Методы. Для определения качественного и количественного состава синтезированных соединений использованы: тонкослойная хроматография; хромато-масс-спектрометрия; инфракрасная спектроскопия; 1H, 13C, 31P спектроскопия ядерного магнитного резонанса; дифференциальная сканирующая калориметрия. Тангенс диэлектрических потерь определяли на специально разработанной оптической ячейке с УФ-источником света к измерителю иммитанса. Элементный анализ проводили на энергодисперсионном рентгенофлуоресцентном спектрометре.Результаты. Синтезированы пространственно разделенные олигоэфирметакрилаты на основе трихлорида фосфора, содержащие в структуре алифатический или ароматический спейсеры. Установлено, что при взаимодействии глицидилметакрилата с трихлоридом фосфора в массе последнего, образуются продукты реакции как по правилу Красуского со стороны α-углеродного атома, так и против правила с образованием изомерных продуктов. Получение данных соединений в массе возможно только в присутствии ингибитора гомополимеризации. Установлено влияние структуры спейсера на скорость отверждения олигоэфирметакрилатов под действием УФ-излучения. Показано, что введение спейсера в структуру олигомера сопровождается увеличением индукционного периода в 39 раз по сравнению с образцом, не содержащим спейсера.Выводы. Достигнутые результаты свидетельствуют о возможности получения новых олигоэфирметакрилатов со спейсерами алифатического и ароматического строения в структуре. Установлено влияние строения спейсера на кинетику фотоотверждения