Social class, social mobility and alcohol-related disorders in Swedish men and women: A study of four generations.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether and how social class and social mobility in grandparents and parents predict alcohol-related disorders (ARDs) in males and females aged 12+ years, and whether intergenerational social prediction of ARDs varies across time periods. METHODS: The study sample included four successive generations (G) of Swedish families from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study: G0 born 1851-1912; G1 born 1915-1929; G2 born 1940-1964 and G3 born 1965-1989. Two study populations were created, each consisting of grandparents, parents and offspring: population I 'G0-G1-G2' (offspring n = 18 430) and population II 'G1-G2-G3' (offspring n = 26 469). Registers and archives provided data on ancestors' socio-demographic factors and ARD history, together with offspring ARD development between 1964-2008. Cox regression models examined the hazard of offspring ARD development according to grandparental social class and grandparental-to-parental social trajectories, controlling for offspring birth year, grandmother's and mother's marital status and parental ARDs. RESULTS: Disadvantaged grandparental social class predicted increased ARD risk in offspring in population I, although the effect attenuated and became non-significant in males after adjusting for parental characteristics (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80 (95%CI; 1.07, 3.03) in females, HR = 1.32 (95%CI; 0.93, 1.89) in males). In population II, no increase in ARD risk by grandparental social was evident. In both populations, males were at the highest ARD risk if both parents and grandparents belonged to disadvantaged social class (population I: HR = 1.82 (95%CI; 1.22-2.72); population II: HR = 1.68 (95%CI; 1.02-2.76)). CONCLUSIONS: Intergenerational social patterning of ARDs appears to be time-contextual and gender-specific. The role of grandparental social class in developing ARDs in grandchildren seems to decline over time, while persistent grandparental-to-parental social disadvantage remains associated with higher ARD risk in males. When targeting higher risk groups, continuity of familial social disadvantage, particularly among males, should be considered

Association of Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorder With Violent Assault and Criminal Convictions

IMPORTANCE Tic disorders are associated with multiple social adversities, but little is known about the experience of violent assault (including sexual assault) and criminality in this group. OBJECTIVE To establish if Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder (CTD) are associated with an increased risk of experiencing violent assault and criminal convictions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, all individuals living in Sweden at any time between January 1, 1973, and December 31, 2013, were identified from Swedish nationwide health and administrative registers. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the risk of violent assault and criminal convictions among people with TS or CTD, compared with the general population and unaffected full siblings. Data analyses were conducted between September 1 and October 22, 2021. EXPOSURES The Swedish version of the International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision ( ICD-8 ), ICD-9 , and ICD-10 diagnoses of TS or CTD in the Swedish National Patient Register. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Records of sexual and nonsexual violent assault and death due to violent assaults were obtained from the National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register, respectively. Convictions for violent and nonviolent criminal offenses were obtained from the Crime Register. Covariates included sex and birth year. RESULTS The study cohort included 13 819 284 individuals living in Sweden between 1973 and 2013. A total of 7791 individuals with TS or CTD were identified (median [IQR] age at first diagnosis, 13.4 [10.0-21.8] years; 5944 [76%] male). Compared with unaffected individuals from the general population, people with TS or CTD had a 2-fold increased risk of experiencing any violent assault (sexual and nonsexual) (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.21; 95% CI, 2.00-2.43), a 3-fold increased risk of violent convictions (aHR, 3.13; 95% CI, 2.92-3.36), and a 1.6-fold increased risk of nonviolent crime convictions (aHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.54-1.71). Among people with TS or CTD, 37.0% (114 of 308; 95% CI, 31.6%-42.4%) of individuals who had experienced violent assault also had a violent crime conviction, compared with 17.9% (16 067 of 89 920; 95% CI, 17.6%-18.1%) in the general population. Exclusion of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders partially attenuated the associations. Similarly, within-sibling models attenuated but did not eliminate the associations (any violent assault: aHR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.61; violent crime: aHR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.86-2.67; nonviolent crime: aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.20-1.50). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this cohort study suggest that most individuals with TS or CTD are not assaulted nor are perpetrators of crime. However, individuals with TS or CTD diagnosed in specialist settings were more likely to both experience violent assault and be perpetrators of violence compared with the general population. The risk was highest in individuals with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. The increased risk found in specialty clinics will need to be better understood in the general population.Peer reviewe

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ИНДИКАТОРЫ САМОРЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СТУДЕНТОВ КАК СУБЪЕКТИВНЫЕ МАРКЕРЫ ИХ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ В ВУЗОВСКОМ ОБУЧЕНИИ

The article describes subjectively significant circumstances of students’ self-realization, ensuring the necessary level of their psychological well-being in the learning process. It was the students’ opinions about possibilities of their self-realization in university education that were studied.Based on the method of thesaurus analysis of students’ stories, the authors disclose semantic indicators of their self-realization within the framework of three key thesauri: thesaurus of the readiness to self-realization; thesaurus of the self-realization measures and actions; thesaurus of self-realization activators.In accordance with the received data, the following three dominant themes of students’ self-realization and their psychological well-being were determined, as follows: the personal involvement into the education process; revealing the hidden capabilities during the education process; the social integration into the university community.The results of the research can be applied to carry out targeted monitoring of students’ psychological well-being in the higher school education sphere.В статье описываются субъективно значимые обстоятельства самореализации студентов, обеспечивающие необходимый уровень их психологического благополучия в процессе обучения. Изучены мнения студентов о возможностях их самореализации в университетской среде.На основе метода тезаурусного анализа высказываний студентов авторы раскрывают семантические индикаторы их самореализации в рамках трех ключевых тезаурусов: тезауруса готовности к самореализации, тезауруса мер и действий для самореализации, тезауруса активаторов самореализации. В соответствии с полученными данными были определены следующие три доминантные темы самореализации студентов и их психологического благополучия: личностная включенность в процесс обучения; раскрытие внутренних способностей в процессе обучения; социальная интеграция в университетское сообщество. Результаты исследования могут быть применены для проведения адресных мониторингов психологического благополучия студентов в образовательной сфере высшей школы

Association of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms With Substance Misuse in 2 Longitudinal Cohorts in Sweden

IMPORTANCE Neurobiological models have postulated shared neural mechanisms between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorders, but results from clinical and epidemiological studies are conflicting or even suggest that OCD may be protective against substance misuse.OBJECTIVE To investigate whether OCD and obsessive-compulsive symptoms are associated with substance misuse and the extent to which shared genetic and/or environmental factors account for this association.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, individuals in the general population of Sweden born between January 1, 1932, and December 31, 1997 (population cohort), were followed up through Swedish nationwide registers from January 1,1997. to December 31. 2013. The second cohort included twin participants in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) followed up from ages 18 to 24 years. Data were analyzed from March 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022.EXPOSURES Lifetime International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, diagnosis of OCD in the National Patient Register (population cohort 1), and self-reported obsessive-compulsive symptoms at 18 years of age (CATSS cohort).MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Substance misuse was defined as registered substance use-related disorder, criminal conviction, or death (population cohort), and self-reported alcohol and drug dependence symptoms at 18 and 24 years of age (CATSS cohort).RESULTS The general population cohort included 6 304188 individuals (48.9% women and 51.1% men; median baseline age, 30.5 [IQR, 15.0-46.4] years), of whom 27 342 had an OCD diagnosis. Obsessive-compulsive disorder was associated with an elevated risk of substance misuse (hazard ratio, 3.68 [95% CI, 3.52-3.85]). In the 9230 individuals in the CATSS cohort (5551 women [60.1%] and 3679 men [39.9%]), obsessive-compulsive symptoms at 18 years of age were associated with increased symptoms of alcohol dependence (concurrent [n = 9219], beta = 0.18 [95% CI, 0.16-0.20]; longitudinal [n = 3381], beta = 0.10 [95% CI, 0.06-0.14]) and drug dependence (concurrent [n = 749], beta = 0.19 [95% CI, 0.11-0.27]; longitudinal [n = 452]. beta = 0.15 [95% CI, 0.04-0.25]). Comorbid anxiety and depression did not entirely explain the associations in either cohort. Using data from full siblings and maternal half-siblings (population cohort) and monozygotic and dizygotic twins (CATSS cohort) provided estimates of the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to the covariance between OCD and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and substance misuse or dependence. The associations were explained by genetic (56%-68%) and nonshared environmental (32%-44%) factors.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this Swedish population-based cohort study challenge the notion that OCD is protective against developing substance misuse. The association of OCD and obsessive-compulsive symptoms with substance misuse was largely explained by shared genetics but was also compatible with partial environmental mediation.Peer reviewe

Association of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms With Substance Misuse in 2 Longitudinal Cohorts in Sweden

IMPORTANCE Neurobiological models have postulated shared neural mechanisms between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorders, but results from clinical and epidemiological studies are conflicting or even suggest that OCD may be protective against substance misuse.OBJECTIVE To investigate whether OCD and obsessive-compulsive symptoms are associated with substance misuse and the extent to which shared genetic and/or environmental factors account for this association.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, individuals in the general population of Sweden born between January 1, 1932, and December 31, 1997 (population cohort), were followed up through Swedish nationwide registers from January 1,1997. to December 31. 2013. The second cohort included twin participants in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) followed up from ages 18 to 24 years. Data were analyzed from March 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022.EXPOSURES Lifetime International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, diagnosis of OCD in the National Patient Register (population cohort 1), and self-reported obsessive-compulsive symptoms at 18 years of age (CATSS cohort).MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Substance misuse was defined as registered substance use-related disorder, criminal conviction, or death (population cohort), and self-reported alcohol and drug dependence symptoms at 18 and 24 years of age (CATSS cohort).RESULTS The general population cohort included 6 304188 individuals (48.9% women and 51.1% men; median baseline age, 30.5 [IQR, 15.0-46.4] years), of whom 27 342 had an OCD diagnosis. Obsessive-compulsive disorder was associated with an elevated risk of substance misuse (hazard ratio, 3.68 [95% CI, 3.52-3.85]). In the 9230 individuals in the CATSS cohort (5551 women [60.1%] and 3679 men [39.9%]), obsessive-compulsive symptoms at 18 years of age were associated with increased symptoms of alcohol dependence (concurrent [n = 9219], beta = 0.18 [95% CI, 0.16-0.20]; longitudinal [n = 3381], beta = 0.10 [95% CI, 0.06-0.14]) and drug dependence (concurrent [n = 749], beta = 0.19 [95% CI, 0.11-0.27]; longitudinal [n = 452]. beta = 0.15 [95% CI, 0.04-0.25]). Comorbid anxiety and depression did not entirely explain the associations in either cohort. Using data from full siblings and maternal half-siblings (population cohort) and monozygotic and dizygotic twins (CATSS cohort) provided estimates of the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to the covariance between OCD and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and substance misuse or dependence. The associations were explained by genetic (56%-68%) and nonshared environmental (32%-44%) factors.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this Swedish population-based cohort study challenge the notion that OCD is protective against developing substance misuse. The association of OCD and obsessive-compulsive symptoms with substance misuse was largely explained by shared genetics but was also compatible with partial environmental mediation.Peer reviewe

Model for estimating gully morphology

Abstract. The three-dimensional hydraulic model GULTEM to predict rapid changes of gully morphology at the first period of gully development is based on digital elevations model analysis and flowlines choice; calculations of runoff due to snowmelt or rainfall; solution of the equations of mass conservation and gully bed deformation for different types of soil (including frozen soil). The model of straight slope stability was used for prediction of gully's side walls inclination. The model was verified on the data of gully's morphology and dynamics at Yamal peninsula (north of the Western Siberia, Russia)

Environmental and lifestyle factors, including viral infections, in relation to development of allergy among children in Saint-Petersburg and Stockholm

The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in children, particularly noteworthy in developed countries, has become an object of international concern. A lack of exposure to a broad range of infectious agents in early life has been suggested as one of the contributing factors. An increase in allergy prevalence in Eastern Europe, including Russia, similar to that earlier noted in Western countries has recently been shown, suggesting that Westernization may contribute to the geographical differences. However, information based on validated, population-based studies on allergic diseases in Russian children is limited and the role of various environmental as well as lifestyle factors has not been clarified. In the first two studies the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections was investigated, including a potential interaction between the two viruses, for development of allergic conditions and sensitization in Swedish 4 year-old children. From a Swedish prospective birth cohort study on factors of importance for development of allergy, 2,581 children were enrolled. The classification of allergic diseases was based on questionnaire answers and determination of IgE-antibodies to common airborne and food allergens. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) to EBV was determined by indirect immunofluorescense and to CMV by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total seropositivity to EBV and CMV was found in 53% and 46% of the children, respectively, while joint seropositivity was detected in 25%. There were no significant associations between seropositivity to either EBV or CMV and allergic manifestations. Seropositivity to CMV alone was related to IgE antibodies to airborne and food allergens. An antagonism between CMV and EBV in relation to sensitization to airborne and food allergens was suggested. Two other studies were aimed at providing internationally comparable data on the prevalence of allergic diseases and sensitization among Russian children as well as at elucidating the role of various environmental and lifestyle factors, including farm-related exposures. The study population comprised 1,702 children aged 2-7 years from Saint-Petersburg. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was performed focusing on environmental and lifestyle factors as well as on occurrence of allergic diseases. Blood sampling was performed in a subgroup to determine allergen-specific IgE-antibodies to the most common airborne and food allergens. The response rate to the questionnaire survey was 85.1%. Allergic diseases were reported for 23% of the children and more than 30% exhibited IgE-antibodies to common allergens. Among environmental factors, physician-diagnosed asthma was associated with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and wood smoke. Similar relations were indicated for current asthma and rhinitis symptoms as well as for diagnosed allergic rhinitis, but not for sensitization. Prenatal exposure to certain livestock, such as pigs, was associated with an increased prevalence of allergic diseases, but not with sensitization. Regular consumption of farm milk tended to decrease the risk of allergic conditions. In conclusion, the studies do not support the hypothesis that EBV or CMV infections in early childhood influence the pathogenesis of allergic diseases or allergen specific IgE-sensitization in children at 4 years of age. However, an EBV/CMV antagonism was suggested with respect to sensitization, underlining the importance of studying of viral interactions. The occurrence of allergic diseases and sensitization among children from Saint-Petersburg appears similar to the prevalence in Northern and Western Europe as well as the panorama of risk factors

Hazard ratios (HR) and 95%CI for alcohol-related disorders (ARD) in offspring in population II (G3) by grandparental (G1) and parental (G2) social classes stratified by gender: The Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study (UBCoS Multigen).

<p>Hazard ratios (HR) and 95%CI for alcohol-related disorders (ARD) in offspring in population II (G3) by grandparental (G1) and parental (G2) social classes stratified by gender: The Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study (UBCoS Multigen).</p

Alcohol use in adolescence and risk of disability pension: a 39 year follow-up of a population-based conscription survey.

BACKGROUND: The role of alcohol consumption for disability pension (DP) is controversial and systematic reviews have not established causality. We aimed to assess the role of adolescent alcohol use for future DP. We wanted to find out whether an increased risk mainly would affect DP occurring early or late in life as well as whether the level of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking contribute differently in DP receiving. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The study is a 39-year follow-up of 49 321 Swedish men born in 1949-1951 and conscripted for compulsory military service in 1969-1970. As study exposures (i) "risk use" of alcohol composed of measures related to pattern of drinking, and (ii) the level of consumption based on self-reported volume and frequency of drinking had been used. Information on DP was obtained from social insurance databases through 2008. "Risk use" of alcohol was associated with both "early DP" and "late DP", i.e. granted below and above the approximate age of 40 years, with crude hazard ratio (HR) of 2.89 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.47-3.38) and HR of 1.87 (95%CI: 1.74-2.02), respectively. After adjustment for covariates, HR was reduced to 1.32 (95%CI: 1.09-1.59) and 1.14 (95%CI: 1.05-1.25), respectively. Similar patterns were seen for moderate (101-250 g 100% alcohol/week) and high (>250 g) consumption, though the risk disappeared when fully adjusted. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Alcohol use in adolescence, particularly measured as "risk use", is associated with increased risk of future DP. The association is stronger for "early DP", but remains significant even for DP granted in older ages. Therefore, pattern of drinking in adolescent should be considered an important marker for future reduced work capacity

Intergenerational profile of study population I and population II: UBCoS Multigen.

<p>Abbreviations: ARD = alcohol-related disorders, G = generation, UBCoS Multigen = the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study. Boxes represent generations under analyses with established biological relations and arrows denote potential pathways between generations. Variables <i>in Italics</i> signify independent (social class) and dependent (ARD) variables measured in corresponding generations.</p