191 research outputs found
The interrelationship of endocrine organs: with special reference to their relation to calcium and phosphorus metabolism and to basal metabolic rate
(1) Administration of desiccated thyroid extract
raises the basal metabolic rate measured in
terms of oxygen consumption and produces a
diminution in the size and weight of both the
albino rat and the white mouse.
(2) There is a marked increase in the nitrogen output
and a remarkable rise in the excretion of
both inorganic phosphorus and urinary calcium
by such administration.
(3) The effect of prolonged administration of desiccated
thyroid causes atrophy and extreme inactivation
of the thyroid glands and a distinct
degeneration of the epithelium of the vesicles
in many parts of the gland.
(4) Thyroid administration causes a very marked
atrophy and degeneration of the seminiferous
tubules with an obvious hypertrophy of the
interstitial tissue }which effects indicate in
the definite interrelationship between the externally
and internally secreting parts of the
testicle with that of the autacoid of the thyroid
gland.
(5) Prolonged administration of thyroid extract
causes a distinct diminution in the connective
tissue stroma of the ovary accompanied by increased
lutein formation and a remarkable hyper -
plasia and hypertrophy of the interstitial tissue
of the organ with greatly dilated blood
vessels to the glands. Such results as these
obtained in the ovary, furnishing a definite
link of interrelation and association of the
two glands, perhaps makes the empirical clinical
use of thyroid extract in correcting some
obstetrical and gynaecological errors,
a little clearer.
(6) The suprarenal glands respond to thyroid administration
by hypertrophy and hyperactivity of
both cortex and medulla of the gland which
indicates a firm link of interrelation between
the thyroid gland and both parts of the adrenal
bodies.
(7) The constituting parts of the hypophysis cerebri,
particularly the pars anterior, intermedia and
pars nervosa seem to be intimately interrelated
with the thyroid gland. The pars anterior with
thyroid administration show an early very marked
decrease in the number of oxyphil cells with some
degenerative changes in the nuclei of the few
others that are seen. When thyroid administration
is pushed a little further, a marked degeneration
appears and a general almost complete
disappearance of oxyphil cells in the pars
anterior. The pars nervosa showing degeneration
also. The pars intermedia, however, shows
an early indication of degenerative retrogression
in the nuclei, i.e. piknosis.
(8) No histological evidence was obtained in the
pancreas or parathyroids by which any definite
interrelationship between these organs and the
thyroid gland can be prognosticated.
(9) Administration of the anterior pituitary lobe
substance whether orally given in the form of
desiccated extract or parentrally introduced in
the form of freshly prepared extract, raises the
basal metabolism rate measured in terms of oxygen
consumption and produces an increase in the
size and weight of the animals. Such effect,
however, is more marked by parentral administration than by feeding the anterior lobe substance.
(10) There is, by such administration, a decrease in
nitrogen excretion and a very marked decrease in
urinary calcium excretion. Inorganic phosphorus
excretion is very much increased.
(11) There is a definite and remarkable interrelation
between the anterior body of the pituitary body
and the thyroid gland; the latter responding to
oral and parentral administration of the anterior
lobe extract by enlargement and increase in
weight; and by very marked hyperactivity.
(12) Administration of the anterior pituitary extract
by whatever route causes marked lutinzation in
the ovary with dilatation of the blood vessels.
Such dilatation of the blood vessels to the ovary
was marked by oral administration.
In the testicle the effect of anterior lobe substance
is to cause increased spermatogenesis with
indication of slight atrophy of the interstitial
tissue. Such evidences indicate a link of interrelation
between both female and male sex organs
with the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. There
is also by such administration, a marked increase
in weight of both testicles and ovaries.
(13) Administration of anterior lobe extracts orally
and parentrally induces the adrenal glands to
hypertrophy and increased weight. It also produces
very marked hyperactivity of both the
cortex and medulla. Administration by injection
however produces a little more marked
effect than by feeding. This indicates that
there is a remarkable interrelation between the
anterior lobe of the pituitary and the two
component parts of the adrenal glands.
(14) By whatever route the anterior pituitary extract
is administered, it causes a marked
increase in the oxyphil cells of the anterior
lobe. Other parts of the pituitary body show no
evidence of any structural change. The gland as
a whole tends to be enlarged by such administration
and shows the presence of colloid in the
interglandular cleft, particularly marked in the
fed animals.
(15) By administration of the anterior lobe substance,
the pancreas responds with very marked hypertrophy
and increased weight. The alveoli are smaller
and the organ as a whole is denser. There is
also increase in the zymogen granules which are
also coarser than normal. No histological evidence
suggestive of any change in the islet
tissue save that occasionally some nuclei of the
cells show more condensed nucleus than normal,
probably a phenomenon of retrogressive change.
(16) No histological evidence of any change in the
parathyroid glands is revealed by which a conclusion
can be made as to the interrelation of
the anterior lobe of the pituitary with the
parathyroids.
The liver and spleen show a very remarkable
enlargement
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