Phase Equilibria in the ZnO−Sb2O5 System

Методом твердофазної реакції одержано сплави системи ZnO−Sb2O5. 3 а результатами рентгенофазового та хімічного аналізів проведено їх ідентифікацію. Доведено існування двох тернарних сполук ZnSb2O6 та Zn7Sb2O12. Вивчено деякі фізико-хімічні властивості та побудовано структурні моделі для цих сполук. The series of samples of the ZnO–Sb2O5 quasibinary system have been synthesized by solid-state reactions and characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction techniques (XRD) and chemical analysis. Two intermediate ternary phases, the compounds ZnSb2O6 and Zn7Sb2O12, have been found in the system ZnO–Sb2O5; and the structural models have been built for these compounds

Temperature and reaction zone imaging in turbulent swirling dual-fuel flames

Gaseous and liquid dual-fuel flames present both a practical approach to emissions reduction and a challenge to current state-of-the-art combustion modelling. This paper uses simultaneously imaged temperature and normalised OH signal fields to investigate flame structure and provide experimental data for model validation across a range of swirl-stabilised n-heptane spray flames. These data are obtained by non-linear excitation regime two-line atomic fluorescence (NTLAF) of indium, and planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF), respectively. Swirling gas streams are varied by flowrate (63–88% of blow-off), premixed equivalence ratio (including air-only), and by type of gaseous fuel (natural gas and hydrogen). Results are used to describe how hot combustion products interact with the fuel spray: heating and diluting the region above the apex of the spray cone at low air flowrates but drawing fuel into outer branches of the flame with increasing air flowrates. Adding natural gas to the swirling air stream, at a concentration below the lean flammability limit, gives rise to a temperature increase in the outer branches with little effect on the hot region above the apex of the spray, along the burner centreline. The size of this region is significantly reduced; however, using hydrogen. As the concentration of gaseous fuel increases towards the lean flammability limit, peak temperatures shift towards the outer branch of the flame. Exceeding the lean flammability limit, an additional reaction zone begins to form in the premixed swirling stream, adjacent to the outer branch of the swirl flame. Stable outer branches of the swirl flame, however, become less prevalent and the peak temperatures of the spray flame return to burner centreline. This study provides insight into the complex behaviour of dual-fuel flames, a complementary dataset to related, PLIF-only studies and validation data for the development of numerical modelling tools.M.J.Evans, J.A.M.Sidey, J.Ye, P.R.Medwell, B.B.Dally, E.Mastorako

The impact of alcohol management practices on sports club membership and revenue

Issue addressed: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an alcohol management intervention on community sporting club revenue (total annual income) and membership (number of club players, teams and spectators). Methods: The study employed a cluster randomised controlled trial design that allocated clubs either an alcohol accreditation intervention or a control condition. Club representatives completed a scripted telephone survey at baseline and again ~3 years following. Demographic information about clubs was collected along with information about club income. Results: Number of players and senior teams were not significantly different between treatment groups following the intervention. The intervention group, however, showed a significantly higher mean number of spectators. Estimates of annual club income between groups at follow-up showed no significant difference in revenue. Conclusions: This study found no evidence to suggest that efforts to reduce alcohol-related harm in community sporting clubs will compromise club revenue and membership. So what?: These findings suggest that implementation of an intervention to improve alcohol management of sporting clubs may not have the unintended consequence of harming club viability